Chapter 07: The Agrarian Revolution in the Americas Flashcards

1
Q

Ancestors to Native Indian peoples spread from Canada to South America
The ______ group from Central Asia
Descendants today are in western Canada

A

second

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2
Q

The ______ and ________ peoples migrated to the American Southwest between 1300 and 1500 CE
Last group from northeastern Asia

A

Navajo

Apache

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3
Q

How did the ancient Americans arrive?

A

They crossed the Beringia land bridge during the last Ice Age and Also by water along the Pacific Coast all the way to South America

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4
Q

what was the earliest known hunting culture?

A

Clovis

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5
Q

The ___________ indians used __________ to kill large game

A

Palio

Clovis

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6
Q

What period is described by the following?
Conditions warmer and drier, so people depended on gathering as game disappeared
Little is known about the social organization in this period
Folsom points – smaller spearheads needed when megafauna died
Hammer stones to break bones for marrow
Atlatls, or spear throwers

A

The North American Archaic Period

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7
Q

What period is described by the following?
From 1000 BCE to 1000 CE, Native Americans east of the Mississippi River developed
Archaeologists call them Woodland civilizations
Early period (1000-1 BCE) hunters and gatherers

A

Early Woodland Societies

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8
Q

What period is described by the following?
Across present-day Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, W. Virginia
Burial practices pottery styles different from Woodland
Hunters and gatherers, later cultivating squash, pumpkin, sunflowers goosefoot

A

Adena Culture (1000-200 BCE)

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9
Q

The ______ was the result of environmental change (end of Ice Age, drier climate)

A

Agricultural Revolution in the Americas

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10
Q

What two places developed as a result of the Agricultural Revolution?

A

Peru and Mexico

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11
Q

What new agricultural goods were used in Peru?

A

Potatoes

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12
Q

What new agricultural goods were used in Mexico?

A

Maize (corn), chili, pumpkins, beans

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13
Q

Maize cultivation spread along trade routes connecting _________ with ______and South America as well as North America

A

Mesoamerica

Peru

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14
Q

What were the 2 technological inventions did the ancient Americans have?

A

Stone Tools

Lack of draft animals

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15
Q

What were some limitations?

A

poor soils and difficult terrain and the absence of wheels and pulleys

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16
Q

What were 3 major sources of productivity in the great civilizations?

A

digging sticks (foot hoes)
work in and around swamps
complex irrigation systems and terracing

17
Q

In _________ the diversity of crops meant farmers could produce in 8-10 weeks enough food to support a family for a year

18
Q

In _________people of different climates & zones – deserts, rain forests, mountains – pooled resources through trade

19
Q

For animal protein, Mesoamericans raised ______

20
Q

In the __________, they raised guinea pigs & llamas

21
Q

By end of __________ (2000 BCE), agriculture firmly established from Mesoamerica to South America

A

Archaic Period

22
Q

During the early ___________, lived in villages of “pit houses”

A

Neolithic period

23
Q

meeting houses evolved into ceremonial centers and trading hubs of complex societies
– ______ civilization in Mesoamerica

24
Q

meeting houses evolved into ceremonial centers and trading hubs of complex societies
– ______ civilization in South America

25
Mesoamerica (__________): central Mexico and Central America (____________) Earliest civilizations located on elevated plateaus or tropic lowlands
Middle America | Yucatan/Guatemala
26
What people group is described below? “People of the Land of Rubber” Near modern Veracruz Maize tortillas Polytheistic theocracies ruled by astronomer-priests of (semi-) divine status Used accurate calendars to regulate agriculture and religion Cities were religious centers with pyramids, temples, palaces, and ritual ball courts Masses witnessed awe-inspiring, bloody ceremonies Elites created writing and numerical systems Extensive trade networks also catalysts for cultural exchange
Olmec (1200-300BCE)
27
When did the Olmec peoples decline?
600-500BCE passed their achievements to Mayans
28
What people group is described below? a complex mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups Diverse ecology 20,000 ft mountains separate the Pacific Ocean from the Amazon rainforest
Pre-Columbian Peru
29
What industries did pre-columbian Peru people have?
fishing, farming, textiles, metallurgy
30
Name two Religious sites for worship of spirits in nature, ancestors
Mummified remains also revered | Wrapped in Peruvian textiles
31
Knotted abacus-like cords __________ means of calculating and recording numerical data
kipus
32
_______________(1000-200 BCE) of South America paralleled Olmec
Chavín culture
33
What does the following describe? Use of llama fomented trade and led to construction of roads hegemony from trade and cultural exchange, rather than political power or military might jaguar cult spread and lasted for centuries Blunt-tipped pyramids, platform mounds, artificial water works Priests organized irrigation projects, supervised labor force Triumph: feed population in difficult topographical areas culture collapsed: overpopulation, increased social stratification, and rising militarism never became a true political state Influenced succeeding theocratic kingdoms of north and central Peru
Chavín culture (1000-200 BCE) of South America paralleled Olmec