Chapter 07: The Agrarian Revolution in the Americas Flashcards
Ancestors to Native Indian peoples spread from Canada to South America
The ______ group from Central Asia
Descendants today are in western Canada
second
The ______ and ________ peoples migrated to the American Southwest between 1300 and 1500 CE
Last group from northeastern Asia
Navajo
Apache
How did the ancient Americans arrive?
They crossed the Beringia land bridge during the last Ice Age and Also by water along the Pacific Coast all the way to South America
what was the earliest known hunting culture?
Clovis
The ___________ indians used __________ to kill large game
Palio
Clovis
What period is described by the following?
Conditions warmer and drier, so people depended on gathering as game disappeared
Little is known about the social organization in this period
Folsom points – smaller spearheads needed when megafauna died
Hammer stones to break bones for marrow
Atlatls, or spear throwers
The North American Archaic Period
What period is described by the following?
From 1000 BCE to 1000 CE, Native Americans east of the Mississippi River developed
Archaeologists call them Woodland civilizations
Early period (1000-1 BCE) hunters and gatherers
Early Woodland Societies
What period is described by the following?
Across present-day Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, W. Virginia
Burial practices pottery styles different from Woodland
Hunters and gatherers, later cultivating squash, pumpkin, sunflowers goosefoot
Adena Culture (1000-200 BCE)
The ______ was the result of environmental change (end of Ice Age, drier climate)
Agricultural Revolution in the Americas
What two places developed as a result of the Agricultural Revolution?
Peru and Mexico
What new agricultural goods were used in Peru?
Potatoes
What new agricultural goods were used in Mexico?
Maize (corn), chili, pumpkins, beans
Maize cultivation spread along trade routes connecting _________ with ______and South America as well as North America
Mesoamerica
Peru
What were the 2 technological inventions did the ancient Americans have?
Stone Tools
Lack of draft animals
What were some limitations?
poor soils and difficult terrain and the absence of wheels and pulleys
What were 3 major sources of productivity in the great civilizations?
digging sticks (foot hoes)
work in and around swamps
complex irrigation systems and terracing
In _________ the diversity of crops meant farmers could produce in 8-10 weeks enough food to support a family for a year
Mexico
In _________people of different climates & zones – deserts, rain forests, mountains – pooled resources through trade
Peru
For animal protein, Mesoamericans raised ______
turkeys
In the __________, they raised guinea pigs & llamas
Andes
By end of __________ (2000 BCE), agriculture firmly established from Mesoamerica to South America
Archaic Period
During the early ___________, lived in villages of “pit houses”
Neolithic period
meeting houses evolved into ceremonial centers and trading hubs of complex societies
– ______ civilization in Mesoamerica
Olmec
meeting houses evolved into ceremonial centers and trading hubs of complex societies
– ______ civilization in South America
Chavín
Mesoamerica (__________): central Mexico and Central America (____________)
Earliest civilizations located on elevated plateaus or tropic lowlands
Middle America
Yucatan/Guatemala
What people group is described below?
“People of the Land of Rubber”
Near modern Veracruz
Maize tortillas
Polytheistic theocracies ruled by astronomer-priests of (semi-) divine status
Used accurate calendars to regulate agriculture and religion
Cities were religious centers with pyramids, temples, palaces, and ritual ball courts
Masses witnessed awe-inspiring, bloody ceremonies
Elites created writing and numerical systems
Extensive trade networks also catalysts for cultural exchange
Olmec (1200-300BCE)
When did the Olmec peoples decline?
600-500BCE passed their achievements to Mayans
What people group is described below?
a complex mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups
Diverse ecology
20,000 ft mountains separate the Pacific Ocean from the Amazon rainforest
Pre-Columbian Peru
What industries did pre-columbian Peru people have?
fishing, farming, textiles, metallurgy
Name two Religious sites for worship of spirits in nature, ancestors
Mummified remains also revered
Wrapped in Peruvian textiles
Knotted abacus-like cords __________ means of calculating and recording numerical data
kipus
_______________(1000-200 BCE) of South America paralleled Olmec
Chavín culture
What does the following describe?
Use of llama fomented trade and led to construction of roads
hegemony from trade and cultural exchange, rather than political power or military might
jaguar cult spread and lasted for centuries
Blunt-tipped pyramids, platform mounds, artificial water works
Priests organized irrigation projects, supervised labor force
Triumph: feed population in difficult topographical areas
culture collapsed: overpopulation, increased social stratification, and rising militarism
never became a true political state
Influenced succeeding theocratic kingdoms of north and central Peru
Chavín culture (1000-200 BCE) of South America paralleled Olmec
