Chapter 07: The Agrarian Revolution in the Americas

Question 1

Ancestors to Native Indian peoples spread from Canada to South America
The ______ group from Central Asia
Descendants today are in western Canada

Answer 1

second

Question 2

The ______ and ________ peoples migrated to the American Southwest between 1300 and 1500 CE
Last group from northeastern Asia

Answer 2

Navajo

Apache

Question 3

How did the ancient Americans arrive?

Answer 3

They crossed the Beringia land bridge during the last Ice Age and Also by water along the Pacific Coast all the way to South America

Question 4

what was the earliest known hunting culture?

Answer 4

Clovis

Question 5

The ___________ indians used __________ to kill large game

Answer 5

Palio

Clovis

Question 6

What period is described by the following?
Conditions warmer and drier, so people depended on gathering as game disappeared
Little is known about the social organization in this period
Folsom points – smaller spearheads needed when megafauna died
Hammer stones to break bones for marrow
Atlatls, or spear throwers

Answer 6

The North American Archaic Period

Question 7

What period is described by the following?
From 1000 BCE to 1000 CE, Native Americans east of the Mississippi River developed
Archaeologists call them Woodland civilizations
Early period (1000-1 BCE) hunters and gatherers

Answer 7

Early Woodland Societies

Question 8

What period is described by the following?
Across present-day Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, W. Virginia
Burial practices pottery styles different from Woodland
Hunters and gatherers, later cultivating squash, pumpkin, sunflowers goosefoot

Answer 8

Adena Culture (1000-200 BCE)

Question 9

The ______ was the result of environmental change (end of Ice Age, drier climate)

Answer 9

Agricultural Revolution in the Americas

Question 10

What two places developed as a result of the Agricultural Revolution?

Answer 10

Peru and Mexico

Question 11

What new agricultural goods were used in Peru?

Answer 11

Potatoes

Question 12

What new agricultural goods were used in Mexico?

Answer 12

Maize (corn), chili, pumpkins, beans

Question 13

Maize cultivation spread along trade routes connecting _________ with ______and South America as well as North America

Answer 13

Mesoamerica

Peru

Question 14

What were the 2 technological inventions did the ancient Americans have?

Answer 14

Stone Tools

Lack of draft animals

Question 15

What were some limitations?

Answer 15

poor soils and difficult terrain and the absence of wheels and pulleys

Question 16

What were 3 major sources of productivity in the great civilizations?

Answer 16

digging sticks (foot hoes)
work in and around swamps
complex irrigation systems and terracing

Question 17

In _________ the diversity of crops meant farmers could produce in 8-10 weeks enough food to support a family for a year

Answer 17

Mexico

Question 18

In _________people of different climates & zones – deserts, rain forests, mountains – pooled resources through trade

Answer 18

Peru

Question 19

For animal protein, Mesoamericans raised ______

Answer 19

turkeys

Question 20

In the __________, they raised guinea pigs & llamas

Answer 20

Andes

Question 21

By end of __________ (2000 BCE), agriculture firmly established from Mesoamerica to South America

Answer 21

Archaic Period

Question 22

During the early ___________, lived in villages of “pit houses”

Answer 22

Neolithic period

Question 23

meeting houses evolved into ceremonial centers and trading hubs of complex societies
– ______ civilization in Mesoamerica

Answer 23

Olmec

Question 24

meeting houses evolved into ceremonial centers and trading hubs of complex societies
– ______ civilization in South America

Answer 24

Chavín

Question 25

Mesoamerica (__________): central Mexico and Central America (____________)
Earliest civilizations located on elevated plateaus or tropic lowlands

Answer 25

Middle America

Yucatan/Guatemala

Question 26

What people group is described below?
“People of the Land of Rubber”
Near modern Veracruz
Maize tortillas
Polytheistic theocracies ruled by astronomer-priests of (semi-) divine status
Used accurate calendars to regulate agriculture and religion
Cities were religious centers with pyramids, temples, palaces, and ritual ball courts
Masses witnessed awe-inspiring, bloody ceremonies
Elites created writing and numerical systems
Extensive trade networks also catalysts for cultural exchange

Answer 26

Olmec (1200-300BCE)

Question 27

When did the Olmec peoples decline?

Answer 27

600-500BCE passed their achievements to Mayans

Question 28

What people group is described below?
a complex mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups
Diverse ecology
20,000 ft mountains separate the Pacific Ocean from the Amazon rainforest

Answer 28

Pre-Columbian Peru

Question 29

What industries did pre-columbian Peru people have?

Answer 29

fishing, farming, textiles, metallurgy

Question 30

Name two Religious sites for worship of spirits in nature, ancestors

Answer 30

Mummified remains also revered

Wrapped in Peruvian textiles

Question 31

Knotted abacus-like cords __________ means of calculating and recording numerical data

Answer 31

kipus

Question 32

_______________(1000-200 BCE) of South America paralleled Olmec

Answer 32

Chavín culture

Question 33

What does the following describe?
Use of llama fomented trade and led to construction of roads
hegemony from trade and cultural exchange, rather than political power or military might
jaguar cult spread and lasted for centuries
Blunt-tipped pyramids, platform mounds, artificial water works
Priests organized irrigation projects, supervised labor force
Triumph: feed population in difficult topographical areas
culture collapsed: overpopulation, increased social stratification, and rising militarism
never became a true political state
Influenced succeeding theocratic kingdoms of north and central Peru

Answer 33

Chavín culture (1000-200 BCE) of South America paralleled Olmec