Ch. 03: Ancient Africa and Egypt Flashcards
_______ is the symbol of eternal life this symbol gave the person the breath they needed to enter the afterlife.
Ankh
A crown was worn by Osiris. It is made up of the white crowns of upper Egypt and the red feathers are representative of Busiris, Osiris’s cult center in the Delta
Atef
Is what would presently be called someone’s personality
Ba
A symbol of royalty, majesty, and dominion
Flail and Crook
called the dung beetle in present day
Scarab
Africa has _____ climate/vegetation zones
Five (5)
temperate weather and good soils
The Mediterranean and extreme south
dry, treeless, steppes, from Atlantic to Indian Oceans, semi-arid grass covers plains between the desert and savanna
The Sahel
Sahara, Namid, Kalahari
The deserts
north and south of the equator to the west and center
the rainforest
grasslands of the interior plateaus south of the Sahara and north of the rainforest in West Africa and most of east-central and West Africa
The Savanna
What years was Africa’s Neolithic Period
11,000-3,000 BCE
What was significant about the Neolithic Period
Great rainfall
____ groups produced food in the region
Three (3)
What region were hunters and gathers across the Sahara
Nilo-Saharan speakers and Afro-Asiatic Speakers
The Nilo-Saharan spread where and became known as the Semites
Sinai Penninsula
10,000-11,000BCE
Name three accomplishments of the Semites
1-stone pottery
2-cultivated indigenous seeds
3-by 5500BCE added watermelon, guards, calabashes, and cotton
Who lived in the southern Sahara wetlands of west Africa
The Niger-Congo Speakers
5,000BCE the Niger-Congo speakers began to cultivate:
black-eyed peas, okra, groundnuts
in 5500-3500BCE _______ brought migration in two groups
climate change
describe the 2 migrated groups in 5500-3500BCE
One North: became the Berbers and others of the northern African coast
The other south became the Ethiopians and others
The Bantu expansion to subequatorial Africa by the Niger-Congoans further south. How did they acclimate to their new environment?
Used axes to clear forests
Skilled boat builders to move along the river systems
Where did the Batu speakers wander to?
From West Africa (Nigeria and Cameroon) to the Congo and by 1000BCE they were at Lake Victoria
What were the two key impacts of the Bantu Speakers?
- began to breed cattle and grow grain
- spread out in all directions to present-day south Africa by 400CE
The Bantu speakers did not write until when?
they reached the Swahili Coast/Indian Ocean
What we know today about the Bantu peoples comes from what?
Linguistic analysis
archeology
the writings of the Portuguese in the 1500s CE
When did the Afro-Asians migrate down the Nile valley
after 5500BCE
What were the three accomplishments of the Afro-Asians and how do we know about them?
1 settled as farmers along floodplains
2 became ancestors of ancient Egyptians
3 gave up on native sorghum, millets for wheat and barley
*Obtained from the Semitic relatives of Palestine, Mesopotamia
What is a pharaoh?
god-king, ruling in the name of falcon god (Horus)
Describe the Egyptians relationship with water systems?
dependent on the Nile River and the 30-mile wide green strip, desert hills either side
T/F the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were prone to unpredictable flooding but the Nile was not
True
Name the three kingdoms of Egypt
1 old
2 middle
3 new
What years was the Old Kingdom reigning?
3100-2200BCE from Narmer to the First Intermediate Period
describe the success/failure of the old kingdom
most successful kingdom; they excelled in art, architecture, religion, stability, and prosperity
GREATEST ACCOMPLISHMENT= Giza Pyramids
When did the middle kingdom rule
2100-1650BCE
Describe the middle kingdom
- extension of rule farther south
- conditions of laboring people steadily worsened
- political stability
- refinement of arts
- trade became more extensive
- religion became more democratic
- small middle class of merchants
- government officials began to appear
when did the new kingdom rule
1500-700BCE
Describe the new kingdom
- also known as the empire
- began after the defeat of the Hyksos invaders
- lasted through the wars with the Hittites
- ended with the Egyptian withdrawn
- tried to convert neighbors to their lifestyle and government
- did not last because of military reversals, internal dissent, and foreign invasions
- despite repeated invasions (Kushites/Assyrians) during the last 300 years of independence
What is the largest pyramid and where is it located?
Khufu-outside of modern-day Cario
When were the Pharaoh’s tombs built?
while they were still alive
why and when did the Egyptians build statues?
1300 to honor warrior pharaohs
What and whose tomb is the only one that stands today that had not been vandalized and completely looted
Tomb of Tutankhamen
Ruled from 1347-1339 BCE
died at age 18
What are hieroglyphics?
Egyptian pictographs represent ideas, phonetic sounds and never developed into an alphabet (604 symbols have been discovered)
What is a polytheistic religion?
religion with more than one god
Who is Amun?
the patron god of Thebes
Who is the Eye of Ra?
sun god
Who is Amun-Ra?
the fusion of Amun and Ra—creator and king of gods
Who is Anuket?
goddess of the Nile and fertility
Who is Osiris?
god of the afterlife
Who is Horus
son of Osiris made visible as the pharaoh
Who is Ptah
came from a primordial mound from which all living things emerged
Who is Isis
goddess of the underworld
who was the first mummy
Osiris
Who is Ka
life-essence that could return to life even after the death of the original body
Who is Satis
goddess of the flood represented by ankh
