Chapter 02: THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Flashcards
Which one of the following is a reason to study nursing history?
a. To fulfill provincial/territorial nursing requirements
b. To help fill up the necessary credit hours for graduation
c. To meet accreditation requirements
d. To understand the present and plan for tomorrow
D
One of the best ways to make plans for today and tomorrow is to look at the past to see what did or did not work. Lessons learned through history provide direction for current and future community health nursing practice.
Which of the following makes public health nursing appealing to many nurses?
a. The autonomy of practice and independence in decision making it affords
b. Its focus on acute care and immediately visible outcomes
c. The backup support of other health care professionals
d. The rapport among the nursing staff
A
Inpatient acute care nurses focus on acute care where outcomes are known fairly quickly. Part of the appeal of community health nursing is the autonomy of practice and independence in problem solving and decision making it affords, as well as its interdisciplinary nature.
Which group was the first to establish hospitals?
a. Feudal lords, to keep their peons working
b. Small towns, to care for their own citizens
c. The military, to enable soldiers to keep fighting
d. Religious orders, to care for the sick, poor, and neglected
D
Historically, most people were responsible for their own health care services. However, during the Middles Ages, religious convents and monasteries established hospitals to care for the aged, disabled, orphaned, sick, poor, and neglected.
The Industrial Revolution caused earlier caregiving approaches—where care was provided by families, friends, and neighbours—to become inadequate because of constantly increasing demand. Which one of the following situations also contributed to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches at this time?
a. Ongoing wars, which caused frequent deaths and injuries
b. Horrific plagues that swept through Europe
c. Migration and urbanization
d. The need to pay caregivers
C
Older forms of care became inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. Increased mobility led to increased demand for health care, migration, and urbanization.
Which one of the following events notably changed health care?
a. The creation of the discipline of nursing by Florence Nightingale
b. The formation of sisterhoods by nuns who gave care
c. The establishment of the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin
d. The formation of the Dames de la Charité by Saint Vincent de Paul
A
Many innovations in health care led to improvements in care, but Florence Nightingale revolutionized health care by establishing the discipline of nursing.
Eunice Dyke was a public health nursing pioneer in Canada. In which of the following areas did she play a key role at the beginning of the twentieth century?
a. Decentralization of public health nursing
b. Specialization of public health nursing
c. Inclusion of powerful citizens on health department boards to ensure adequate funds to pay for care
d. Development of a system for accurate records of births and deaths
A
Eunice Dyke played a key role in the decentralization of public health nursing in 1914. Before this time, public health nurses (PHNs) had been working in specialized areas of nursing, such as tuberculosis (TB) care, but now they became generalists (though they did not provide bedside nursing care in the home as community health nurses [CHNs] or visiting nurses would).
In what year did the first training school for nurses open in Canada?
a. 1874
b. 1894
c. 1904
d. 1914
A.
The first training school for nurses in Canada opened in 1874, in Ontario.
Which one of the following was a very important factor in the success of early visiting nurses?
a. The care they provided that served as a model for all later hospitals
b. The more economical care they provided to families
c. Their role model, Edna Moore
d. The superb publicity campaign that was created by the health departments
B
Visiting nurses, who provided care wherever the client was located—at home, work, or school—took care of several families in one day (rather than taking care of only one patient or family as the private duty nurse did), which made their care more economical.
Which of the following nurses was instrumental in establishing the first integrated basic nursing degree program in Canada?
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Kathleen Russell
c. Edna Moore
d. Lillian Wald
B
In 1920, Kathleen Russell, Director of the Department of Public Health Nursing at the University of Toronto, was instrumental in establishing the first integrated basic degree nursing program, a major milestone in nursing education, including public health nursing education.
Which of the following arguments was used to convince the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company to establish the first community health nursing program for workers in 1909?
a. Creating such a service was the morally right thing to do.
b. Employing nurses directly would be less expensive than paying taxes to the city to provide nursing services.
c. Having the company’s nurses make home visits would increase morale among workers.
d. Using PHNs would keep workers healthier, which would increase worker productivity.
D
Lillian Wald argued that it would be more economical to use the services of a CHN than to employ the company’s own nurses and that keeping workers healthier would increase their productivity.
What has been the main achievement of the Community Health Nurses Association of Canada (CHNAC)?
a. Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) as well as registered nurses (RNs) were allowed to join the association.
b. Nurses who were not PHNs were encouraged to join.
c. National standards of practice were developed.
d. A process was developed to choose the organization’s leaders and officers.
C
In 1987, the CHNAC, an interest group of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA), was formed. This association developed the national standards of practice (published in 2003) for CHNs. These standards of practice have helped establish the term community health nursing as the umbrella term for all nurses working in and with communities and defined the minimum scope of practice for CHNs.
Following the release of the Romanow Report in 2002, which type of care was identified as the most rapidly growing area of community health care?
a. Home care
b. Community problems
c. Immunization
d. Women’s issues
A
The Romanow Report (2002) identified home care as the most rapidly growing area of community health care.
In which area was the first PHNs in Canada employed?
a. Healthy baby clinics
b. Outpost nursing
c. School health programs
d. Tuberculosis education, prevention, and treatment
D
From the 1920s to the 1940s, nurses specializing in TB care were replaced by PHNs, as it was believed that visiting nurses would be more effective and efficient if they moved to general nursing care. Therefore, PHNs became specialists in TB education, prevention, and treatment.
What was the main reason for the brief existence of the nurse practitioner–model educational program?
a. Inadequate assessment and planning in the local area
b. Insufficient provincial/territorial funding
c. The large number of primary care physicians practicing in urban areas
d. The need for nursing expertise and skills
C
In Ontario, the nurse practitioner model for alternative health care delivery was initiated with the educational program offered by McMaster University. However, its existence was short-lived because of a perceived duplication of services and a lack of career opportunities for nurse practitioners, partly because there were too many primary care physicians practising in urban areas.
Which one of the following is the main area of concern for the occupational health nurse (OHN)?
a. Increasing benefits upon renewal of employment contracts
b. Ensuring higher salaries and bonuses upon acceptance of employment
c. Returning most nursing care to the home, where family members give all needed care
d. Focusing on disease prevention activities in the workplace
D
Occupational health nursing is a specialty area within community health nursing, with a focus on disease prevention, rehabilitation, and health promotion activities in the workplace.
