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MT 6314 > CHAPT 56: ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPT 56: ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

Pure Baby Katzung Content

1
Q

branch of pharmacology that encompasses
the deleterious effects of chemicals on biologic systems

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

air pollutants

A

CO
SO2
NO2
O3

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3
Q

is an odorless, colorless gas that competes avidly with oxygen for hemoglobin

A

Carbon Monoxide

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4
Q

The affinity of CO for hemo-
globin is more than ____-fold greater than that of oxygen.

A

200

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5
Q

The threshold limit value of CO for an 8-h workday is ___ parts per million (ppm);

A

25

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6
Q

Effect of CO

A

tissue hypoxia

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7
Q

Collapse and syncope occur when approximately ___% of hemoglobin has been converted to
_______________.

A

40; carboxyhemoglobin

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8
Q

T or F: Exposure of a pregnant woman to elevated CO levels at critical fetal developmental periods may cause fetal death or serious and irreversible but survivable birth defects.

A

T

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9
Q

__________ _______ accelerates the clearance of carbon monoxide.

A

Hyperbaric oxygen

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10
Q

a colorless, irritating gas formed from the combustion of fossil fuels.

A

Sulfur Dioxide

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11
Q

SO2 forms _________ ______ on contact with moist mucous membranes

A

Sulfurous Acid

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12
Q

Primary sign of SO2 exposure

A

Conjunctival and bronchial irritation (esp in individuals w/ asthma)

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13
Q

Presence of ___-___ ppm of SO2 in the air is enough to cause severe bronchospasm.

A

5; 10

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14
Q

Heavy exposure to SO2 may lead to

A

delayed pulmonary edema

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15
Q

Chronic low-level exposure to SO2 may aggravate:

A

cardiopulmonary disease

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16
Q

a brownish irritant gas, is the principal
member of this group; formed in fires and in silage on farms

A

Nitrogen Oxide

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17
Q

causes deep lung irritation and pulmonary edema.

A

NO2

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18
Q

The most cost common source of human exposure to oxides of nitrogen

A

automobile and truck traffic emissions

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19
Q

a bluish irritant gas produced in air and water purification devices and in electrical fields

A

Ozone

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20
Q

Exposure to ___–___ ppm of O3 may cause irritation and dryness of the mucous membranes.

A

0.01-0.1

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21
Q

The increasing concentration of a substance in the environment as the result of environmental persistence and physical properties (eg, lipid solubility) that leads to accumulation in biologic tissues

A

Bioaccumulation

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22
Q

Although the concentration of a contaminant may be virtually undetectable in water, it may be magnified hundreds or thousands of times as the contaminant passes up the food chain

A

Biomagnification

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23
Q

Study of the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on populations and communities of living organisms within defined ecosystems

A

Ecotoxicology

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24
Q

Chemicals in the environment that have estrogen-like or antiandrogen activity or disrupt thyroid function.
They may increase reproductive cancers, impair fertility,
and have teratogenic effects

A

Endocrine disruptors

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25
Q

The area of toxicology that deals with the effects of agents found in the environment; regulated by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States

A

Environmental toxicology

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26
Q

The area of toxicology that deals with the toxic effects of chemicals found in the workplace; regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States

A

Occupational toxicology

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27
Q

The amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a stated time period. It is higher for shorter periods than for longer periods

A

Threshold limit value

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28
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are also known as

A

halohydrocarbons

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29
Q

Examples of halohydrocarbons

A

carbon tetrachloride
chloroform
trichloroethylene

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30
Q

Solvents are potent CNS __________ (stimulants or depressants)

A

depressants

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31
Q

Chronic exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons leads to

A

hepatic dysfunction and nephrotoxicity

32
Q

solvents that cause peripheral neuropathy

A

tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethane

33
Q

important aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Benzene
Toluene
Xylene

34
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon associated with hematotoxicity and various types of hematologic cancers like leukemia

A

Benzene

35
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon that is a known human carcinogen

A

benzene

36
Q

aka methylbenzene

A

Toluene

37
Q

aka dimethylbenzene

A

Xylene

38
Q

3 major classes of pesticides

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Botanical agents

39
Q

persistent, poorly metabolized, lipophilic chemicals that exhibit significant bioaccumulation

A

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

40
Q

Chlorinated hydrocarbons block physiologic inactivation in the _______ channels of nerve membranes

A

sodium

41
Q

usually the first sign of acute chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicity

A

Tremor

42
Q

T or F: Chronic exposure of animals to chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides is tumorigenic.

A

T

43
Q

associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and testicular cancer

A

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

44
Q

effective pesticides with short environmental half-lives

A

Carbamates

45
Q

T or F: Carbamates are cholinesterase inhibitors

A

T

46
Q

________ _________ increase muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic activity.

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

47
Q

The signs and symptoms include pinpoint pupils, sweating,
salivation, bronchoconstriction, vomiting and diarrhea, CNS
stimulation followed by depression, and muscle fasciculations,
weakness, and paralysis.

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

48
Q

most common cause of death of cholinesterase inhibitors

A

respiratory failure

49
Q

used in large doses to control muscarinic excess

A

Atropine

50
Q

used to regenerate cholinesterase

A

Pralidoxime

51
Q

Botanical insecticides

A

Nicotine
Rotenone
Pyrethrum

52
Q

has the same effects on nicotinic cholinoceptors in insects as in mammals and probably kills by the same mechanism

A

Nicotine

53
Q

plant alkaloid pesticide that causes gastrointestinal distress when ingested and conjunctivitis and dermatitis after direct contact

A

Rotenone

54
Q

plant alkaloids that can cause contact dermatitis as well as CNS excitation and peripheral neurotoxicity in large quantities

A

Pyrethrum

55
Q

The compound in Agent Orange

A

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

56
Q

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid are members of

A

Chlorophenoxy Acid (herbicide)

57
Q

the principle ingredient in Roundup brand weed killer

A

Glyphosate

58
Q

the most widely used herbicide in the world

A

Glyphosate

59
Q

a key enzyme involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in plants

A

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase,

60
Q

a bipyridyl herbicide used extensively to kill weeds on farms and for highway maintenance

A

Paraquat

61
Q

herbicide that is relatively nontoxic unless ingested

A

Paraquat

62
Q

the initial effect is gastrointestinal irritation with hematemesis and bloody stools

A

Paraquat

63
Q

prompt prevention of absorption of Paraquat is done by

A

activated charcoal, Fuller’s earth

64
Q

Chemical compounds that contribute to environmental pollution

A

polychlorinated biphenyls
dioxins
asbestos
heavy metals

65
Q

were used
extensively in manufacturing electrical equipment until their
potential for environmental damage was recognized

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

66
Q

are among the most stable organic compounds known

A

PCBs

67
Q

poorly metabolized and lipophilic, therefore highly persistent in the environment; accumulate in the
food chain

A

PCB and Asbestos

68
Q

most common effect of PCB exposure among workers

A

dermatoxicity

69
Q

Used in insulation and fire retardancy

A

PCBs

70
Q

aka dioxins

A

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

71
Q

most important dioxin

A

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

72
Q

causes a wasting syndrome, hepatotoxicity, immune dysfunction, teratogenicity, and cancer

A

TCDD

73
Q

cause cystic acneiform lesions

A

Dioxins

74
Q

is a group of naturally occurring long, flexible mineral fibers, most commonly containing silicon

A

Asbestos

75
Q

can cause a fibrotic lung disorder

A

inhalation of Asbestos fiber

76
Q

a lung disorder characterized by shortness of breath

A

asbestosis

77
Q

associated with mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

MT 6314 (5 decks)

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