Chapt 5. Developmental Psych Flashcards
What is developmental psychology
It is the study of our cognitive, physical and social development across our lifespan
What is a zygote: what are it’s 2 parts
It is a fertilized egg. Internal cells =embryo outer cells = placenta
What are the few things fetus’s are exposed to
sounds
What is habituation
a decrease in responding due to constant stimulation
what are the two prenatal periods– what is the transition between the 2 periods
the 2 prenatal periods is the zygote and the fetus. the embryo is the transition
how is an infant’s visual preference procedure tested ?
through habituation of a stimulus
what is maturation?
It is the orderly sequence of biological growth
what is a schema
a concept or framework that organizes information
what is assimilation
interpretating new information into our existing schema
what is accomadation
it is the adjusting of our framework (schema) to new information
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
what is the sensorimotor stage of Pageit’s theory of cognitive development
sensorimotor is the using of senses to obtain information
What is preoperational
It is the use of words and images intuitively and not logically to represent things
What is concrete operational
Thinking logically performing arithmetic
What is formal operational
performing abstract thinking
What age is the sensorimotor age
from birth to age 2
when is the preoperational stage
2-6
when is the concrete operational stage
7-11
when is the formal operational stage
age 12 onwards
What was Piaget’s moral development?
Piaget’s moral development 3 stages:
moral concrete
transitional
moral relative
What is the moral concrete step in Piaget’s moral development ?
authority and rules are most important
outcome most important
(3-7 years)
What is the transitional stage in Piaget’s moral development?
interaction with peers
relative rules are learnt
(8-10 years)
What is the moral relativism stage in Piaget’s moral development?
intents and motives become important
11 or 12
When did Piaget come up with his moral development theory
1932
What was the critique in Piaget’s moral development theory?
- moral development continued after age 12
- younger children did not respect all rules equally
- children do not ignore the actor’s intent
- peer interaction may not stimulate moral development
when did Kohlberg develop his moral theory?
1950s
What were Kohlberg’s moral theories?
- preconventional ( outcomes + rules )
- conventional ( how you want society to look at you)
- postconventional ( self-reasoning+ philoshopical)
What were the 2 stages in Kohlberg’s preconventional stage
stage 1:punishment and obedience
- consequence and outcome focus
- rules are external
stage2: instrumentation and exchange orientation - self-interest
- concern for others in hope of return
What were the 2 stages in Kohlberg’s conventional stage
stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectation
-actor’s intent
-seen as good person
stage 4: social system and conscience orientation
-perspectives and will of society
-rules and law to maintain social order
What were the 2 stages in Kohlberg’s postconventional stage
stage 5: social contract -laws express the will of the majority -human rights above law stage 6: universal ethical principals: -abstract guideline above law
What was the strength of Kohlberg’s perspectievs
extended beyond children of age 12
still a stage theorist
What were the weaknesses of Kohlberg’s perspectives
- could reason in multiple stages
- no one in stage 6
- culturally bias
What was the evidence from Kohlberg’s theory?
1/ Need role-taking to enter conventional stage
2. need formal operations (Piaget) to enter post conventional stage
what is evidence for prosocial behavior?
- babies recognize cries from others and their own
2. attempt to comfort them
What are prosocial acts by toddlers?
- will help people achieve their goals and share resources
- prosocial acts increase in frequency and variety throughout the years
- do not regularly participate in prosocial acts
What are the 3 parenting styles
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
If the child has a fearful disposition what parenting style is best
gentle discipline
How should fearless children be motivated
have a desire to pelase
what is the best parenting style?
- focus on empathy
- rational expression
- de-emphasize parental power
why foster prosocial behavior?
- increased emotional rewards
- take on other’s perspective
- increase confidence to help others
What is attachment
strong, innate emotional connection persisting over time and circumstances
What are the 3 aspects of attachement?
- familiarity
- comfort
- responsiveness
What did Lorenz study? When did he begin his studies?
1903-1989.
imprinting by ducks
what is the critical period
short period of time where a certain experience is needed to promote healthy development
At birth what can babies recognize?
mother’s voice
Who propelled attachment theory?
Bowlby in 1969 and Ainsworth in 1978.
When does attachment start to develop?
6-8 months
What are the 3 attachment styles?
- secure attachment
- avoidant attachment
- anxious-ambivalent attachment
What percentage of children fall under secure attachment
65%
What percentage of children fall under avoidant attachment
20%
What percentage of children fall under anxious-ambivalent attachment
15%
What predicts the childs’ attachment?
parental attachment , parental sensitivity and responsiveness to child’s needs
What is the theory of mind
The ability to understand someone else’s mental state
what is object permanence
that objects still exists in space even after though they are out of sight
What is reversibility?
Ability to mentally undo an action
What are the advantages of Piaget’s development theory?
They are true cross-culturally
What are the disadvantages of Piaget’s development theory?
More of a continuous process rather than in stages.
Stages are expressed earlier than Piaget thought
Extends more than formal logic
What is self-concept?
An understanding and assessment of who they are
what are primary sexual characteristics ?
reproductive organs and external genetalia
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
non-sexual reproductive organs
What is the main cognitive development in adolescents?
develop reasoning power
develop moral reasoning and moral intuition
What type of social development is present in adolescent?
form an identity and evaluate their own self-concept
What are Erikson’s stages of pyshosocial development?
- trust and mistrust ( to 1 yr)
- autonomy vs shame and doubt ( 1-3 yr)
- initiative (3-6 yr)
- competence and inferiority (6 to puberty)
- identity and role confusion (puberty to 20s)
- intimacy ( 20s-40s)
- stagnation and generality (40s-60s)
- integrity vs despair (60<)
what is emrging adulthood?
period from late-teens to mid-twenties bridge the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
What are the 2 basic aspects of our lives that dominate adulthood?
work and love
what causes dementia?
series of small strokes , brain tumor, alcohol dependece
what % of people have alzhiemer
3%
