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Psyc 102 > Chapt 10. Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapt 10. Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What did Galton do, when did he do it?

A

Believed in eugenics ,believed tht intelligence was inherited ( in the 1860s)

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2
Q

Who is Binet?

A

Binet is a French person who was asked to develop a test to uncover the mental age of children in the 1900s.

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3
Q

Who is Terman?

A

He made the Stanford-Binot IQ test that was used for children

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4
Q

When did Terman make the IQ quiz?

A

1916

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5
Q

What is the formula for the IQ quiz made by Terman follow

A

mental age/ actual age *100

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6
Q

Who is Spearman?

A

Spearman believed in the ‘g’ general intelligence

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7
Q

What is Spearman’s g

A

it is that other forms of intelligence are all confounded together a correlation was seen and so he argued there must be some common similarity

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8
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Stanford-Binet quiz?

A

It is that it works better for children than adults

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9
Q

Who is Wescher?

A

Wescher made an improved IQ test known as the WAIS or WAIC for adults and children-

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10
Q

What did the WAIS tested for

A

verbal and performance was tested

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11
Q

When was the WAIS designed?

A

1939

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12
Q

Who is Sternberg?

A

Sternberg came after Welsh he deceided that there are 3 different ways to quantify intellugsnce

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13
Q

What is the 3 intelligence types identified by Sternberg?

A
  1. analytical
  2. creativity
  3. practical
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14
Q

Who is Gardner?

A

He believed there are 9 types of intelligence

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15
Q

What are the 9 intelligence sectors that Gardner believed in?

A
  1. naturalist
  2. linguist
  3. interpersonal
  4. intrapersonal
  5. body-kinetics
  6. musical
  7. spatial
  8. logic-reasoning
  9. philosophical
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16
Q

What is the disadvantage of Gardner’s proposed theory?

A

Should abilities also be counted as intelligence?

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17
Q

Who proposed that emotional intelligence is a type of intelligence

A

Salvoney

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18
Q

What is the mean and median IQ score

A

It is 100

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19
Q

What is the standard deviation for a standardized IQ score

A

15

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20
Q

What criteria should be met to be considered a good test?

A
  1. validity ( through having the right testing criteria)
  2. standardization ( should be tested across a wide range of people)
  3. reliability (consistency)
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21
Q

How do we check for consistency

A

Giving the subjects the test right after taking it. If it is consistent there should not be a significant difference in the recorded results

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22
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

It is a statistical procedure that identifies a cluster of related items

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23
Q

What is creativity ?

A

Creativity is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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24
Q

What fosters creativity?

A
  1. expertise
  2. imaginative thinking
  3. venturesome personality
  4. intrinsic motivation
  5. being surrounded by creative people and environent
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25
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to perceive, manage, understand and use emotions

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26
Q

What are the 2 ways people have tried to neurologically measure intelligence

A
  1. brain size and structure ( how many convolutions)

2. brain function ( looking at how fast people respond to spatial problems)

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27
Q

What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests

A

aptitude: to predict how well a person would do at something
achievement: to test how well someone has learnt something

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28
Q

What were things tested on the WAIS tests?

A
  1. similarities
  2. block design
  3. vocabulary
  4. letter-number sequencing
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29
Q

What is the Flynn effect

A

The increase in mean IQ scores over the centuries

30
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

It is when IQ tests are able to predict future performance

31
Q

What is content validity?

A

When a valid test contains the right criteria

32
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

It is the intelligence that declines with age. Involved in problem solving and logic reasoning

33
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Intelligence that increases with age. This involves linguistic and analogy building

34
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

It is a study that follows the same people across some years

35
Q

What is a cross-sectional study

A

It refers to a study involving people from different ages being sampled at one time

36
Q

What did cross-sectional studies on intelligence show?

A

A decline in intelligence with age

37
Q

What did longitudinal studies on intelligence show?

A

A stable level of intelligence with age

38
Q

What does intelligence have to do with life span?

A

More intelligent people lead healthier and longer lives

39
Q

What is intellectual disability?

A

It refers to a condition where a person has a limited mental ability. it is indicated by a score of 70 or less

40
Q

What is heritability?

A

The proportion of differences among individuals that we can attribute to genes.

41
Q

Can the heritability of a trait be different?

A

Yes it can be varied, as it depends on the range of populations and environment

42
Q

People with down syndrome have an extra chromosome of what # chromosome?

A

people with down syndrome have an extra chromosome 21

43
Q

What is the conclusion from twin and adoption studies for intelligence testing?

A

some aspects of intelligence is inherited as twins that are grow up apart and together have more similar IQ scores than that of siblings reared together

44
Q

How does nurture play a role in children’s performance?

A
  1. malnutrition would depress the intelligence of children

2.

45
Q

Is there a difference in intelligence among genders ?

A

The average IQ scores are about the same, with the range for females being more stable around the average while males have a great number of people at both ends of the spectrum

46
Q

How can an intelligence test be bias?

A

It would be bias if the performance differences is caused by cultural experiences ( people with certain cultural experiences have greater test scores)

47
Q

What is does it mean for a test to be biased in terms of it’s validity

A

eg. if a test predicts what it is supposed to predict ( SAT may be culturally bias to those having gone through the US system but it still does accurately predict success in college)

48
Q

What is the stereotype effect?

A

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

49
Q

Is heritability specific to an individual

A

No. heritability is not specific to an individual

50
Q

What is hereditability?

A

It is the proportion of performance variance in a sample attributed by the variability in genes

51
Q

How is the heritability of intelligence studied?

A
  1. twin studies
  2. adoption studies
  3. molecular genetics
52
Q

How many percent of a person’s intelligence score variation is inherited?

A

50-75%

53
Q

What is behavioural genetics?

A

study of genetic influence on behavior

54
Q

what kind of study are twin and adoption studies?

A

both rely on correlations between pairs of people who vary in their genetic association

55
Q

What research was done by Tryon and when?

A

He did selective breeding of rats breeding for maze running abilities in 1942

56
Q

What research did Cooper and Zubek do and when

A

Done in 1958. Environment can overwhelm genetic differences

57
Q

What can animals be bred for?

A

-activity levels
-exploratory behavior
-eating behavior
aggressive behavior
wariness

58
Q

What are the genetic similarities between:

  • monozygotic twins
  • dizygotic twins
  • parent and child
  • parent and adopted child
A

100%
50%
50%
0%

59
Q

What outcomes from twin studies would support that genetics plays a role in intelligence?

A
  • if correlations are higher between monozygotic twins regardless if they were raised apart or reared in different environments
60
Q

What outcomes from twin studies would support that the environment plays a role in intelligence?

A

if the intelligence scores from MZ and DZ twins are highly correlational when reared in the same environment

61
Q

What is the formula for heritability?

A

(MZ in same environment-DZ in same environment) = h^2

62
Q

What are the weaknesses with Twin studies?

A

Identical twins share the same appearance ( may be treated differently due to appearance).
MZ are always the same sex; DZ are not
cannot tell if there really are environmental differences for twins that are reared apart because adopted families share a lot of similarities

63
Q

what does heritability estimates not tell us?

A
  • does not tell us genetic influence within an individual
  • does not tell us how genes influence behavior
  • does not tell us that intelligence can be changed
  • does not explain for group differences in scores
64
Q

how many generations of rat breeding did it take to see signifcant genetic differences among rats?

A

7 generations

65
Q

What are the outcomes of twin studies?

A

in good environments with high SES, heritability scores are higher , shared environment does not explain much

in poor environments, genetic heritability is low (no potential for these people to shine). environment explains more

66
Q

what can be used to explain the environmental differences with intelligence scores

A
  1. differences in resources
  2. discrimination and bias
  3. socialization differences
  4. stereotype threats
67
Q

What was the theory proposed by Carol Dweck

A

There are 2 mindsets on how we think about intelligence

68
Q

What are the 2 mindsets for intelligence

A
  1. Real Mindset(intelligence is fixed)

2. Growth Mindset( intelligence can be developed)

69
Q

What is another name for growth mindset

A

incremental theory of intelligence

70
Q

What is another name for fixed mindset

A

entity theory of intelligence

Psyc 102 (6 decks)

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