Chapt 10. Intelligence Flashcards
What did Galton do, when did he do it?
Believed in eugenics ,believed tht intelligence was inherited ( in the 1860s)
Who is Binet?
Binet is a French person who was asked to develop a test to uncover the mental age of children in the 1900s.
Who is Terman?
He made the Stanford-Binot IQ test that was used for children
When did Terman make the IQ quiz?
1916
What is the formula for the IQ quiz made by Terman follow
mental age/ actual age *100
Who is Spearman?
Spearman believed in the ‘g’ general intelligence
What is Spearman’s g
it is that other forms of intelligence are all confounded together a correlation was seen and so he argued there must be some common similarity
What is the disadvantage of the Stanford-Binet quiz?
It is that it works better for children than adults
Who is Wescher?
Wescher made an improved IQ test known as the WAIS or WAIC for adults and children-
What did the WAIS tested for
verbal and performance was tested
When was the WAIS designed?
1939
Who is Sternberg?
Sternberg came after Welsh he deceided that there are 3 different ways to quantify intellugsnce
What is the 3 intelligence types identified by Sternberg?
- analytical
- creativity
- practical
Who is Gardner?
He believed there are 9 types of intelligence
What are the 9 intelligence sectors that Gardner believed in?
- naturalist
- linguist
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- body-kinetics
- musical
- spatial
- logic-reasoning
- philosophical
What is the disadvantage of Gardner’s proposed theory?
Should abilities also be counted as intelligence?
Who proposed that emotional intelligence is a type of intelligence
Salvoney
What is the mean and median IQ score
It is 100
What is the standard deviation for a standardized IQ score
15
What criteria should be met to be considered a good test?
- validity ( through having the right testing criteria)
- standardization ( should be tested across a wide range of people)
- reliability (consistency)
How do we check for consistency
Giving the subjects the test right after taking it. If it is consistent there should not be a significant difference in the recorded results
What is factor analysis?
It is a statistical procedure that identifies a cluster of related items
What is creativity ?
Creativity is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
What fosters creativity?
- expertise
- imaginative thinking
- venturesome personality
- intrinsic motivation
- being surrounded by creative people and environent
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive, manage, understand and use emotions
What are the 2 ways people have tried to neurologically measure intelligence
- brain size and structure ( how many convolutions)
2. brain function ( looking at how fast people respond to spatial problems)
What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests
aptitude: to predict how well a person would do at something
achievement: to test how well someone has learnt something
What were things tested on the WAIS tests?
- similarities
- block design
- vocabulary
- letter-number sequencing
What is the Flynn effect
The increase in mean IQ scores over the centuries
What is predictive validity?
It is when IQ tests are able to predict future performance
What is content validity?
When a valid test contains the right criteria
What is fluid intelligence?
It is the intelligence that declines with age. Involved in problem solving and logic reasoning
What is crystallized intelligence?
Intelligence that increases with age. This involves linguistic and analogy building
What is a longitudinal study?
It is a study that follows the same people across some years
What is a cross-sectional study
It refers to a study involving people from different ages being sampled at one time
What did cross-sectional studies on intelligence show?
A decline in intelligence with age
What did longitudinal studies on intelligence show?
A stable level of intelligence with age
What does intelligence have to do with life span?
More intelligent people lead healthier and longer lives
What is intellectual disability?
It refers to a condition where a person has a limited mental ability. it is indicated by a score of 70 or less
What is heritability?
The proportion of differences among individuals that we can attribute to genes.
Can the heritability of a trait be different?
Yes it can be varied, as it depends on the range of populations and environment
People with down syndrome have an extra chromosome of what # chromosome?
people with down syndrome have an extra chromosome 21
What is the conclusion from twin and adoption studies for intelligence testing?
some aspects of intelligence is inherited as twins that are grow up apart and together have more similar IQ scores than that of siblings reared together
How does nurture play a role in children’s performance?
- malnutrition would depress the intelligence of children
2.
Is there a difference in intelligence among genders ?
The average IQ scores are about the same, with the range for females being more stable around the average while males have a great number of people at both ends of the spectrum
How can an intelligence test be bias?
It would be bias if the performance differences is caused by cultural experiences ( people with certain cultural experiences have greater test scores)
What is does it mean for a test to be biased in terms of it’s validity
eg. if a test predicts what it is supposed to predict ( SAT may be culturally bias to those having gone through the US system but it still does accurately predict success in college)
What is the stereotype effect?
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Is heritability specific to an individual
No. heritability is not specific to an individual
What is hereditability?
It is the proportion of performance variance in a sample attributed by the variability in genes
How is the heritability of intelligence studied?
- twin studies
- adoption studies
- molecular genetics
How many percent of a person’s intelligence score variation is inherited?
50-75%
What is behavioural genetics?
study of genetic influence on behavior
what kind of study are twin and adoption studies?
both rely on correlations between pairs of people who vary in their genetic association
What research was done by Tryon and when?
He did selective breeding of rats breeding for maze running abilities in 1942
What research did Cooper and Zubek do and when
Done in 1958. Environment can overwhelm genetic differences
What can animals be bred for?
-activity levels
-exploratory behavior
-eating behavior
aggressive behavior
wariness
What are the genetic similarities between:
- monozygotic twins
- dizygotic twins
- parent and child
- parent and adopted child
100%
50%
50%
0%
What outcomes from twin studies would support that genetics plays a role in intelligence?
- if correlations are higher between monozygotic twins regardless if they were raised apart or reared in different environments
What outcomes from twin studies would support that the environment plays a role in intelligence?
if the intelligence scores from MZ and DZ twins are highly correlational when reared in the same environment
What is the formula for heritability?
(MZ in same environment-DZ in same environment) = h^2
What are the weaknesses with Twin studies?
Identical twins share the same appearance ( may be treated differently due to appearance).
MZ are always the same sex; DZ are not
cannot tell if there really are environmental differences for twins that are reared apart because adopted families share a lot of similarities
what does heritability estimates not tell us?
- does not tell us genetic influence within an individual
- does not tell us how genes influence behavior
- does not tell us that intelligence can be changed
- does not explain for group differences in scores
how many generations of rat breeding did it take to see signifcant genetic differences among rats?
7 generations
What are the outcomes of twin studies?
in good environments with high SES, heritability scores are higher , shared environment does not explain much
in poor environments, genetic heritability is low (no potential for these people to shine). environment explains more
what can be used to explain the environmental differences with intelligence scores
- differences in resources
- discrimination and bias
- socialization differences
- stereotype threats
What was the theory proposed by Carol Dweck
There are 2 mindsets on how we think about intelligence
What are the 2 mindsets for intelligence
- Real Mindset(intelligence is fixed)
2. Growth Mindset( intelligence can be developed)
What is another name for growth mindset
incremental theory of intelligence
What is another name for fixed mindset
entity theory of intelligence
