Chapitre 3 Clinical Psychology

Question 1

According to its groundbreaking inventor (Freud) psychoanalysis has the following three aims:

Answer 1

• investigating the human mind;
• systematizing theory about human functioning and behavior;
• treating psychological or emotional illness.

Question 2

The main Freudian Theoretical statements are

Answer 2

1) sexuality in children and adults is important for an understanding of human behavior;
2) symptoms are failed attempts at self-healing;
3) the patient history - past experience, especially in childhood - is essential for an understanding of current problems;
4) the unconscious can be encountered via dreams, “Freudian slips”, symptoms
and mistakes.

Question 3

Psychoanalysis contains a body of ideas continued or developed by others such as

Answer 3

Alfred Adler (1870-1937), Sandor Ferenczi (1873-1933), Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), Melanie Klein (1882- 1960), Otto Rank (1884-1939) and Anna Freud (1895-1982).

Question 4

1) sexuality in children and adults is important for an understanding of human behavior;
2) symptoms are failed attempts at self-healing;
3) the patient history - past experience, especially in childhood - is essential for an understanding of current problems;
4) the unconscious can be encountered via dreams, “Freudian slips”, symptoms
and mistakes.

Answer 4

Les principales affirmations théoriques freudiennes sont les suivantes : 1) la sexualité des enfants et des adultes est importante pour comprendre le comportement humain ;
2) les symptômes sont des tentatives ratées d’autoguérison ;
3) les antécédents du patient - les expériences passées, en particulier dans l’enfance - sont essentiels pour comprendre les problèmes actuels ;
4) l’inconscient peut être rencontré par le biais des rêves, des “lapsus freudiens”, des symptômes et des erreurs.

Question 5

Main concepts

Answer 5

Defense mechanisms
Drive
Fantasy
Oedipus complex
Resistance
Structural theory
Symptoms
The first and second topologies
Transference and counter- transference

Question 6

Defense mechanisms

Answer 6

Unconscious psychological strategies brought into play to cope with reality ans maintain self-image.

Question 7

Unconscious psychological strategies brought into play to cope with reality ans maintain self-image.

Answer 7

Stratégies psychologiques inconscientes mises en œuvre pour faire face à la réalité et préserver l’image de soi.

Question 8

According to Vaillant (1977), there are four levels of defense:
pathological, immature, neurotic, and mature.

Answer 8

Selon Vaillant (1977), il existe quatre niveaux de défense :
pathologique, immature, névrotique et mature.

Question 9

Primitive defense mecanisms include denial, dissociation or projection, all of them are common features of psychosis. Idealization is considered immature, more often found during adolescence and in borderline patients. Repression is more
typical for neurotic functioning, whereas humour and sublimation are considered
mature, more highly-developed défenses.

Answer 9

Les mécanismes de défense primitifs comprennent le déni, la dissociation ou la projection, qui sont tous des caractéristiques communes de la psychose. L’idéalisation est considérée comme immature, plus fréquente à l’adolescence et chez les patients borderline.

Question 10

Repression is more
typical for neurotic functioning, whereas humour and sublimation are considered
mature, more highly-developed defenses.
Freud believed that seeking relief and
protection, many people bury painful memories deep in their unconscious, and
that repression is therefore one key factor in the operation of the unconscious
and its defense mechanisms. In his dynamic model, dreams, symptoms, and slips
of the tongue break through the barrier of censorship and repression and open
access to the unconscious.

Answer 10

Le refoulement est plus typique du fonctionnement névrotique, tandis que l’humour et la sublimation sont considérés comme des défenses matures et plus développées.

. Freud pensait qu’en quête de soulagement et de protection, de nombreuses personnes enfouissent des souvenirs douloureux au plus profond de leur inconscient, et que le refoulement est donc un facteur clé dans le fonctionnement de l’inconscient et de ses mécanismes de défense. Dans son modèle dynamique, les rêves, les symptômes et les lapsus franchissent la barrière de la censure et du refoulement et ouvrent la porte de l’inconscient.

Question 11

Drive

Answer 11

Pulsion

Question 12

Freud stated that humans are driven by two conflicting central desires: the life
drive (libido/Eros; survival, procreation, hunger, thirst, and sex) and the death
drive (Thanatos). Freud’s description of Cathexis, whose energy is known as libido,
included all creative, life-producing drives. The death drive (or death instinct),
whose energy is known as anti-Cathexis, represented an urge inherent in all living
things to return to a state of calm: in other words, an inorganic or dead state.

Answer 12

Selon Freud, l’homme est mû par deux désirs centraux contradictoires : la pulsion de vie
(libido/Eros ; survie, procréation, faim, soif et sexe) et la pulsion de mort (Thanatos).
La description que fait Freud de la cathexis, dont l’énergie est connue sous le nom de libido, englobe toutes les pulsions créatrices de vie,
inclut toutes les pulsions créatrices, productrices de vie. La pulsion de mort (ou instinct de mort),
dont l’énergie est connue sous le nom d’anti-Cathexis, représentait un besoin inhérent à tous les êtres vivants de revenir à un état de calme c’est-à-dire à un état inorganique ou mort.

Question 13

Shell-shock

Answer 13

Choc d’obus

Question 14

Névrose traumatique

Answer 14

Traumatic neurosis

Question 15

Freud a reconnu la tendance de l’inconscient à répéter des expériences désagréables afin de désensibiliser le corps.

Answer 15

Freud acknowledged the tendency for the unconscious to repeat unpleasant experiences in order to desensitize the body.

Question 16

Fantasy

Answer 16

For Freund, every fantasy and dream is to be interpreted as a wish-fulfillment

Question 17

Fantasy

Answer 17

Fantasme

Question 18

Confronted with harsh mostly frustrating and sometimes unbearable, reality.

Answer 18

Confrontés à la dure réalité, le plus souvent frustrante et parfois insupportable.

Question 19

Wish-fulfillment

Answer 19

Réalisation de ses souhaits

Question 20

Complexe d’oedipe

Answer 20

Oedipus complex

Question 21

It is very important to understand that, in the girl’s Oedipus complex, it is castration anxiety that leads her into the complex; whereas for the boy it is the same anxiety that leads him out of it. Many obstacles may render the resolution of this complex incomplete and are held responsible for suffering in the professional and the love lives of future adults, both men and women.

Answer 21

Il est très important de comprendre que, dans le complexe d’Œdipe de la fille, c’est l’angoisse de castration qui l’entraîne dans le complexe, alors que pour le garçon, c’est la même angoisse qui l’en fait sortir. De nombreux obstacles peuvent rendre incomplète la résolution de ce complexe et sont responsables de souffrances dans la vie professionnelle et amoureuse des futurs adultes, hommes et femmes.

Question 22

Cure psychanalytique

Answer 22

Method of Talking Cure

Question 23

Resistance

Answer 23

Referred to patients blocking memories from their consciousness.

Question 24

Five different forms of resistance

Answer 24

1) Repression (reaction-formation, obsession phobia (avoidance or denial)
2) transference projection
3) gain from illness (secondary gain)
4) compulsion to repeat acting out
5) sense of guilt or need for punishment (self sabotage)

Question 25

1) Repression (reaction-formation, obsession phobia (avoidance or denial) 2) transference projection 3) gain from illness (secondary gain) 4) compulsion to repeat acting out 5) sense of guilt or need for punishment (self sabotage)

Answer 25

1) Répression (réaction-formation, obsession-phobie (évitement ou déni) 2) projection du transfert 3) bénéfice de la maladie (bénéficie secondaire) 4) compulsion à répéter l'acte 5) sentiment de culpabilité ou besoin de punition (auto-sabotage)

Question 26

Structural theory

Answer 26

Id ego superego

Question 27

Id

Answer 27

Impulsive child-like portion of the psyche that operate on the pleasure principle and only takes i to account what it wants,disregarding the consequences

Question 28

The Ego

Answer 28

Has to reconcile pressures from the Id on the one hand and Supergo on the other.

Question 29

The Superego

Answer 29

Is the moral component of the psyche,stemming from (issu de) internalized societal prohibitions and identifications with the parents’ superego.

Question 30

The Ego may employ defense mechanism including denial, repression and displacement…

Answer 30

When uverburdened or threatened (surcharge ou menacé)

Question 31

Withdraw

Answer 31

Se retirer

Question 32

Symptoms

Answer 32

The symptom expresses a compromise between instinctual satisfaction and defense, fuelled by dynamic that always seek homeostasis and self-healing(auto-guérison)

Question 33

Which of Freud’s concept is closest to that of conscience?

Answer 33

The superego

Question 34

During which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipal conflict take place ?

Answer 34

The phallic stage

Question 35

Give three examples of défense mechanisms

Answer 35

Denial sublimation repression projection humour idéalisation Dissociation

Question 36

What name did Freud give to all lige-producing drives

Answer 36

Cathexis

Question 37

Transference and counter-transference

Answer 37

Transfert et contre transfert

Question 38

Transference

Answer 38

Often manifested as an erotic attractions towards the therapist but can be seen in many other forms such as rage hatred guilty or mistrust

Question 39

Counter-transference

Answer 39

Is defined as a redirection of the therapist’s feelings towards the patient or more generally as a therapist’s attunement (adaptation) to countertransference is nearly as critical as elaborating transference.

Question 40

State of psychic pain akin of fear

Answer 40

État de douleur psychique proche de la peur

Question 41

Bured

Answer 41

Enfoui

Question 42

To avert

Answer 42

Eviter

Question 43

Defense mechanisms

Answer 43

The ego attempts to avert anxiety in a variety of ways frequently by the use of defense mechanisms.

Question 44

Anxiety

Answer 44

When psychic conflicts become extreme. Anxiety is the state of psychic pain akin to fear et can tale form of reality anxiety, moral anxiety and neurotic anxiety

Question 45

Repression

Answer 45

mechanism that keeps threatening thoughts and memories in the unconscious.

Question 46

Rationalization

Answer 46

the process of justifying by reasoning after an event, a defense mechanism against self-accusation or a feeling of guilt.

Question 47

Denial

Answer 47

consists in refusing the confrontation with a real problem and to ignore it.

Question 48

Denial

Answer 48

consists in refusing the confrontation with a real problem and to ignore it.

Question 49

Regression

Answer 49

is a return to an earlier stage of development in response to a perceived threat.

Question 50

Projection

Answer 50

is the unknowing attribution of one's own impulses or fears onto others.

Question 51

Cathexis

Answer 51

Investment of libido in objects.

Question 52

Displacement

Answer 52

is the transference of psychic energy from the original object to a variety of substitute objects.

Question 53

Reaction formation

Answer 53

is the replacement in consciousness of an anxiety-provoking feeling with its opposite.

Question 54

Psychosexual Development: Freud's developmental notions, many inspired by Karl Abraham's original work, centered around the idea that libido invests certain bodily zones with energy as the child grows older.

Answer 54

oral (birth to eight months), anal (eight months to two years), phallic (two years to six), latency (six to twelve), genital (puberty to adult). The three early stages, collectively called the pregenital stage are the oral, the anal, and the phallic (three to five years) stages.

Question 55

Resistance

Answer 55

Attempts by the client to block treatment

Question 56

Transference neurosis

Answer 56

often regarded as necessary to effective therapy, occurs when the client transfers to the analyst emotions originally directed toward the parents and reenacts early conflicts.

Question 57

Countertransference

Answer 57

when the client transfers to the analyst emotions originally directed toward the parents and reenacts early conflicts.

Question 58

Counter transference

Answer 58

The therapist's transference projections in other words, enactment of old conflicts from the family of origin) onto the patient is termed "counter-transference".

Question 59

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 59

involves persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities. This ongoing worry and tension may be accompanied by physical symptoms, such as restlessness, feeling on edge or easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension or problems sleeping. Often the worries focus on everyday things such as job responsibilities, family health or minor matters such as chores, car repairs, or appointments.

Question 60

Chores

Answer 60

Taches ménagères

Question 61

Panic Disorder

Answer 61

The core symptom of panic disorder is recurrent panic attacks, an overwhelming combination of physical and psychological distress. During an attack several of these symptoms occur in combination

Question 62

Agoraphobia

Answer 62

Agoraphobia is the fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing, or help might not be available in the event of panic symptoms. The fear is out of proportion to the actual situation and lasts generally six months or more and causes problems in functioning

Question 63

Social anxiety disorder (Previously called social phobia)

Answer 63

A person with social anxiety disorder has significant anxiety and discomfort about being embarrassed, humiliated, rejected or looked down on in social interactions. People with this disorder will try to avoid the situation or endure it with great anxiety. Common examples are extreme fear of public speaking, meeting new people or eating/drinking in public. The fear or anxiety causes problems with daily functioning and lasts at least six months.

Question 64

Separation anxiety disorder

Answer 64

A person with separation anxiety disorder is excessively fearful or anxious about separation from those with whom he or she is attached. The feeling is beyond what is appropriate for the person's age, persists (at least four weeks in children and six months in adults) and causes problems functioning. A person with separation anxiety disorder may be persistently worried about losing the person closest to him or her, may be reluctant or refuse to go out or sleep away from home or without that person, or may experience nightmares about separation. Physical symptoms of distress often develop in childhood, but symptoms can carry though adulthood.

Question 65

Risk Factors

Answer 65

The causes of anxiety disorders are currently unknown but likely involve a combination of actors including genetic, environmental, psychological and developmental. Anxiety disorders can run in families, suggesting that a combination of genes and environmental stresses can produce the disorders.

Question 66

Diagnostics and Treatment For anxiety disorder

Answer 66

Talk therapy and médications Cognitive behavior therapy Anti-anxiety medications (for short period of time ) Antidepressants Beta-blockers used for heart conditions There are a number of things people do to help cope with symptoms of anxiety disorders and make treatment more effective. Stress management techniques and meditation can be helpful. Support groups (in-person or online) can provide an opportunity to share experiences and coping strategies. Learning more about the specifics of a disorder and helping family and friends to understand better can also be helpful. Avoid caffeine.

Question 67

Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD

Answer 67

psychiatric disorder that may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, or rape or who have been threatened with death, sexual violence or serious injury.

Question 68

Shell shock Combat fatigue

Answer 68

PTSD during World War 1 PTSD during the WW 2

Question 69

Symptoms and Diagnosis of PTSP

Answer 69

Symptoms of PTSD fall into four categories. Specific symptoms can vary in severity. Intrusion Avoidance Altérations in cognition and mood Alterations in arousal and reactivity

Question 70

Recklessly

Answer 70

Imprudent

Question 71

Angry Outbursts

Answer 71

Crise de colère

Question 72

Altération IN arousal

Answer 72

Modification de l’excitation

Question 73

PTSD Symptoms must last more than a month.

Answer 73

Many individuals develop symptoms within three months of the trauma, but symptoms may appear later and often persist for months and sometimes years.

Question 74

Acute stress disorder / stress aigu

Answer 74

occurs in reaction to a traumatic event, just as PTSD does, and the symptoms are similar. However, the symptoms occur between three days and one month after the event.

Question 75

Rape

Answer 75

Viol

Question 76

Adjustment disorder

Answer 76

Adjustment disorder occurs in response to a stressful life event (or events). The emotional or behavioral symptoms a person experiences in response to the stressor are generally more severe or more intense than what would be reasonably expected for the type of event that occurred. An estimated 5% to 20% of individuals in outpatient mental health treatment have a principal diagnosis of adjustment disorder. A recent study found that more than 15% of adults with cancer had adjustment disorder. It is typically treated with psychotherapy

Question 77

Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD. TOC

Answer 77

OCD is a disorder in which people have recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas or sensations (obsessions) that make them feel driven to do something repetitively (compulsions). The repetitive behaviors, such as hand washing, checking on things or cleaning, can significantly interfere with a person's daily activities and social interactions.

Question 78

manque de perspicacité

Answer 78

Poor insight

Question 79

A diagnosis of OCD requires the presence of obsession and/or compulsions that are time- consuming (more than one hour a day), cause major distress, and impair work, social or other important function. About 1.2 percent of Americans have OCD and among adults slightly more women than man are affected. OCD often begins in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood; the average age symptoms appear is 19 years old.

Answer 79

Les femmes sont légèrement plus nombreuses que les hommes à être touchées. Les TOC apparaissent souvent dans l'enfance, l'adolescence ou au début de l'âge adulte ; l'âge moyen d'apparition des symptômes est de 19 ans.

Question 80

Compounding the anguish

Answer 80

L’angoisse s’aggravant

Question 81

Examples of compulsion

Answer 81

Cleaning to reduce the germs Repeating to dispel anxiety Checking to reduce fear Ordering and arranging to reduce discomfort Mental compulsions to responsable to intrusive obsessive thoughts

Question 82

To dispel

Answer 82

Dissiper

Question 83

Utter

Answer 83

Prononcer

Question 84

prevent a dreaded future event.

Answer 84

prévenir un événement futur redouté.

Question 85

Arouse

Answer 85

S’éveiller

Question 86

Daily fonctioning

Answer 86

Quotidien

Question 87

Looked down on

Answer 87

regardé de haut (rabaissé)

Question 88

Pounding heart

Answer 88

Cœur battant

Question 89

Sweating

Answer 89

Transpiration

Question 90

Shaking

Answer 90

Secousse

Question 91

Smothering sensation

Answer 91

Sensation d’etouffement

Question 92

Feeling dizzy,light-heated or faint

Answer 92

Sentiment de vertige, d’étourdissement ou d’évanouissement

Question 93

Feeling of choking

Answer 93

Sentiment d étouffement

Question 94

Numbness or tingling

Answer 94

Engourdissement ou picotements

Question 95

Chills or hot flashes

Answer 95

Frissons ou bouffées de chaleur

Question 96

Fear of dying

Answer 96

Peur de mourir