Chaper 4: Tissues

Question 0

74) Electrical signals called _____ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called _____ that are then used to communicate with other cells.
a) action potentials; neurotransmitters b) action potentials; hormones
c) action potentials; cytokines
d) threshold potentials; cytokines
e) threshold potentials; neurotransmitters

Answer 0

a) action potentials; neurotransmitters

Question 1

Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions.

Answer 1

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.

Question 2

73) The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are
a) neuroglial cells and neurons.
b) neurons and mast cells.
c) neurons and dendritic cells.
d) neuroglial cells and myofibers. e) neurons and somites.

Answer 2

a) neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question 3

72) In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells?
a) mucous membrane
b) serous membrane
c) cutaneous membrane
d) synovial membrane
e) plasma membrane

Answer 3

a) mucous membrane

Question 4

70) Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

Answer 4

The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.

Question 5

Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.

Answer 5

Solution: In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.

Question 6

Which of the following is a term used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ?
a) atrophy
b) hyperplasia

c) hypertrophy
d) adhesion
e) anorexia

Answer 6

a) atrophy

Question 7

Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair?
a) adhesions

b) articulations
c) cysts
d) granulomas
e) osteophytes

Answer 7

a) adhesions

Question 8

Which following types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals?
a) neuroglial cells and myofibers
b) myofibers and connective tissue cells
c) neuroglial cells and neurons
d) neurons and epithelial cells
e) myofibers and neurons

Answer 8

e) myofibers and neurons

Question 9

Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Answer 9

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.

Question 10

Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs?
a) skeletal muscle
b) smooth muscle
c) cardiac muscle
d) transitional epithelium e) areolar tissue

Answer 10

b) smooth muscle

Question 11

Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?
a) skeletal muscle

b) smooth muscle
c) cardiac muscle
d) intercalated cells
e) myoblasts
Answer:

Answer 11

c) cardiac muscle

Question 12

Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue.

Answer 12

Answer: Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small

Question 13

Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon.

Answer 13

Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.

Question 14

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called
a) stem cells.
b) parenchymal cells. c) fibrotic cells.
d) granulocytes.
e) agranulocytes.

Answer 14

a) stem cells.

Question 15

Which type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity?
a) Cutaneous membrane

b) Serous membrane
c) Mucous membrane
d) Basement membrane
e) Synovial membrane

Answer 15

b) Serous membrane

Question 16

Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue?
a) Mucous membrane

b) Serous membrane
c) Cutaneous membrane
d) Synovial membrane

Answer 16

d) ) Synovial membrane

Question 17

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
a) red blood cells.

b) white blood cells.
c) plasma.
d) lymph.
e) albumin.

Answer 17

c) plasma

Question 18

Spongy bone tissue lacks
a) lamellae.

b) lacunae.
c) osteocytes.
d) osteons.
e) canaliculi.

Answer 18

d) osteons

Question 19

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?
a) osteon
b) stroma
c) lamellae
d) chromosome e) lacunae

Answer 19

a) osteon

Question 20

Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.

Answer 20

Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.

Question 21

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of which type of connective tissue?
a) Adipose tissue

b) Elastic cartilage
c) Fibrocartilage
d) Dense irregular connective tissue
e) Reticular connective tissue

Answer 21

c) Fibrocartilage

Question 22

The main function of dense regular connective tissues is
a) storing minerals for later use.
b) forming stroma of soft organs.
c) reducing heat loss from the body surface.
d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.
e) providing elasticity to stretchable organs.

Answer 22

d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.

Question 23

Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue?
a) Mucous membrane b) Serous membrane
c) Cutaneous membrane d) ) Synovial membrane

Answer 23

d) Synovial membrane

Question 24

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
a) red blood cells.

b) white blood cells.
c) plasma.
d) lymph.
e) albumin.

Answer 24

c) plasma

Question 25

Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions.

Answer 25

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.

Question 26

74) Electrical signals called _____ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called _____ that are then used to communicate with other cells.
a) action potentials; neurotransmitters b) action potentials; hormones
c) action potentials; cytokines
d) threshold potentials; cytokines
e) threshold potentials; neurotransmitters

Answer 26

a) action potentials; neurotransmitters

Question 27

73) The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are
a) neuroglial cells and neurons.
b) neurons and mast cells.
c) neurons and dendritic cells.
d) neuroglial cells and myofibers. e) neurons and somites.

Answer 27

a) neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question 28

72) In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells?
a) mucous membrane
b) serous membrane
c) cutaneous membrane
d) synovial membrane
e) plasma membrane

Answer 28

a) mucous membrane

Question 29

70) Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

Answer 29

The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.

Question 30

Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.

Answer 30

Solution: In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.

Question 31

Which of the following is a term used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ?
a) atrophy
b) hyperplasia

c) hypertrophy
d) adhesion
e) anorexia

Answer 31

a) atrophy

Question 32

Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair?
a) adhesions

b) articulations
c) cysts
d) granulomas
e) osteophytes

Answer 32

a) adhesions

Question 33

Which following types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals?
a) neuroglial cells and myofibers
b) myofibers and connective tissue cells
c) neuroglial cells and neurons
d) neurons and epithelial cells
e) myofibers and neurons

Answer 33

e) myofibers and neurons

Question 34

Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Answer 34

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.

Question 35

Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs?
a) skeletal muscle
b) smooth muscle
c) cardiac muscle
d) transitional epithelium e) areolar tissue

Answer 35

b) smooth muscle

Question 36

Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?
a) skeletal muscle

b) smooth muscle
c) cardiac muscle
d) intercalated cells
e) myoblasts
Answer:

Answer 36

c) cardiac muscle

Question 37

Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue.

Answer 37

Answer: Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small

Question 38

Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon.

Answer 38

Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.

Question 39

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called
a) stem cells.
b) parenchymal cells. c) fibrotic cells.
d) granulocytes.
e) agranulocytes.

Answer 39

a) stem cells.

Question 40

Which type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity?
a) Cutaneous membrane

b) Serous membrane
c) Mucous membrane
d) Basement membrane
e) Synovial membrane

Answer 40

b) Serous membrane

Question 41

Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue?
a) Mucous membrane

b) Serous membrane
c) Cutaneous membrane
d) Synovial membrane

Answer 41

d) ) Synovial membrane

Question 42

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
a) red blood cells.

b) white blood cells.
c) plasma.
d) lymph.
e) albumin.

Answer 42

c) plasma

Question 43

Spongy bone tissue lacks
a) lamellae.

b) lacunae.
c) osteocytes.
d) osteons.
e) canaliculi.

Answer 43

d) osteons

Question 44

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?
a) osteon
b) stroma
c) lamellae
d) chromosome e) lacunae

Answer 44

a) osteon

Question 45

Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.

Answer 45

Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.

Question 46

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of which type of connective tissue?
a) Adipose tissue

b) Elastic cartilage
c) Fibrocartilage
d) Dense irregular connective tissue
e) Reticular connective tissue

Answer 46

c) Fibrocartilage

Question 47

The main function of dense regular connective tissues is
a) storing minerals for later use.
b) forming stroma of soft organs.
c) reducing heat loss from the body surface.
d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.
e) providing elasticity to stretchable organs.

Answer 47

d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.

Question 48

1) Which of the following is NOT one of the main tissue types found in the human body?
a) epithelial
b) connective
c) myocardial
d) muscle
e) nervous

Answer 48

c) myocardial

Question 49

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities.
a) tight junctions and hemidesmosomes

b) gap junctions and tight junctions
c) adherens junctions and desmosomes
d) desmosomes and gap junctions
e) hemidesmosome and tight junctions

Answer 49

c) adherens junctions and desmosomes

Question 50

3) The thin extracellular layer, consisting of the basal and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the
a) basement membrane.
b) tunica
c) tight junction.
d) adherens junctions.
e) gap junctions.

Answer 50

a) basement membrane

Question 51

4) Epithelial tissue
a) is used as a covering of body surfaces.
b) is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.
c) is used to form glands.
d) usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.
e) All of these answer choices are correct.

Answer 51

e) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 52

5) Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells found in the tissue

Answer 52

Solution: Based on cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including: 1)squamous which are thin and flat, 2)cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3)columnar are taller than they are wide and 4)transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of layers of cells found in the tissue. These categories include: 1)simple which means a single layer of cells, 2)stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3)pseudostratified which is one layer of cells that appears multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.

Question 53

Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?
a) Simple squamous epithelium

b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 53

a) Simple squamous epithelium

Question 54

7) Which type of epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 54

c) Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 55

8) Which type of epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Transitional epithelium

Answer 55

d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 56

9) Which type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles of the respiratory tract?
a) Simple cuboidal epithelium
b) Simple columnar epithelium
c) Stratified columnar epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Transitional epithelium

Answer 56

b) Simple columnar epithelium

Question 57

10) In which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells?
a) Lining of the esophagus
b) Outer layer of skin
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
d) On the surface of the heart
e) Covering skull bones

Answer 57

c) Lining of the urinary bladder

Question 58

10) In which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells?
a) Lining of the esophagus
b) Outer layer of skin
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
d) On the surface of the heart
e) Covering skull bones

Answer 58

c) Lining of the urinary bladder

Question 59

Which of the following types of glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched?
a) Unicellular exocrine glands
b) Multicellular exocrine glands
c) Unicellular endocrine glands
d) Multicellular endocrine glands
e) All of these answer choices are correct.

Answer 59

b) Multicellular exocrine glands

Question 60

Which type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands?
a) Simple coiled tubular gland
b) Compound tubular gland
c) Compound tuboloacinar gland

d) Simple branched acinar gland
e) Simple branched tubular gland

Answer 60

d) Simple branched acinar gland

Question 61

Functional classification of exocrine glands is based on
a) shape of the gland.
b) size of the gland.
c) how the gland release its secretory product.
d) how the gland synthesizes its secretory product. e) All of these answer choices are correct.

Answer 61

c) how the gland release its secretory product.

Question 62

14) Which type of exocrine gland accumulates its secretory product in the cytosol of its cells until the cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretory product?
a) Apocrine
b) Exocrine
c) Holocrine
d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) None of these answer choices are correct.

Answer 62

c) Holocrine

Question 63

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of
a) enzymes and membranous organelles.
b) plasma membranes and ground substance.

c) keratinized cells and protein fibers.
d) calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes.
e) protein fibers and ground substance.

Answer 63

e) protein fibers and ground substance.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?
a) Bone

b) Blood
c) Cartilage
d) Tendons
e) Epiderm

Answer 64

e) Epiderm

Question 65

Which component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together?
a) Matrix
b) Formed elements
c) Ground substance
d) Basement membrane e) Plasma membrane

Answer 65

c) Ground substance

Question 66

Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues?
a) Hyaluronic acid
b) Melatonin
c) Cholesterol
d) Glycogen
e) Starch

Answer 66

a) Hyaluronic acid

Question 67

Which of the following types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
a) Elastic
b) Reticular
c) Collagen
d) All of these answer choices are correct.
e) None of these answer choices are correct.

Answer 67

d) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 68

Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the
a) matrix.
b) ground substance.
c) basement membrane.
d) stroma.
e) glycosaminoglycans.

Answer 68

d) stroma

Question 69

Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue?
a) Blood
b) Spongy bone
c) Areolar connective tissue

d) Elastic connective tissue
e) Hyaline cartilage

Answer 69

c) Areolar connective tissue

Question 70

Which of the following is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found?
a) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
b) Lining the chambers of the heart
c) Surrounding the brain
d) Inside the ear canal
e) In the cartilage found in joints

Answer 70

a) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

Question 71

The main function of dense regular connective tissues is
a) storing minerals for later use.
b) forming stroma of soft organs.
c) reducing heat loss from the body surface.
d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.
e) providing elasticity to stretchable organs.

Answer 71

d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.