Chap.5 Flashcards
The Structure and Function ofLarge Biological Molecules
All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules, macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, monomers
dehydration reaction
two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule( removes a water molecule, forming a new bond)
Hydrolysis
breaking down a polymer (adds a water molecule, breaking a bond)
Carbohydrates
include sugars and the polymers composed of many sugar building blocks (The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides)
Starch
storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
cellulose is a polymer of
glucose
Glycogen
a storage polysaccharide in animals
Chitin
another structural polysaccharide
Lipids
large biological molecules that does not include true polymers
Lipids consist mostly of
hydrocarbon regions
The most biologically important lipids are
fats
phospholipids
steroids
Fat is a lipid are constructed from two types of smaller molecules:
one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
Fats are also called
triglycerides
Glycerol
a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
fatty acid
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Saturated fatty acids
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds
The major function of fats is
energy storage
Hydrogenation
process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
rans-fats
may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease
Phospholipids
two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
The two fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic
head of phospholipids is
hydrophobic
Steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol
an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes
Polypeptides
are unbranched polymers built from these amino acids
protein
a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure
Enzymes
are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions
Storage
sources of amino acids, such as egg white
Defense
antibodies, membrane proteins
Transport
carriers of molecules such as hemoglobin, membrane proteins
Signaling
hormones, receptors
Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called
peptide bonds
A polypeptide is a polymer of
amino acids
Sickle-cell disease
an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a
gene
There are two types of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Genes consist of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called
nucleotides
Each gene along a DNA molecule directs synthesis of a messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis. This process is called
gene expression
Nucleic acids are polymers called
polynucleotides
Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called
nucleotides
Nucleic acids are polymers called
polynucleotides
Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called
nucleotides
