Chap 7. Groups and Organizations Flashcards
What is a social group?
Are two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
Examples of social groups?
Couples, families, circles of friends, churches, clubs, businesses, neighborhoods, and large organizations
Not every collection of individuals forms a group, but it forms a?
Category
People sharing a common status, but lacking interaction.
Categories
Temporary gatherings that can turn into groups under certain conditions (emergencies).
Crowds
Social groups divide into two groups.
-Primary group
-Secondary group
Family and close friends is an example of what group?
Primary group
College class or a corporation is an example of what group?
Secondary group
Is a small, personal, and lasting whose members share personal and lasting relationships.
Primary group
What is every society’s most important primary group?
Family
Is a large and impersonal, and goal-oriented social group, often of shorter duration.
Secondary group
One important element of group dynamics is?
Leadership
Two leadership roles are?
-Instrumental Leadership
-Expressive Leadership
Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks.
Instrumental Leadership
Group leadership that focuses on the group’s well-being. Builds personal and primary ties with members.
Expressive Leadership
What are Three Leadership Styles?
-Authorithian Leadership
-Democratic Leadership
-Laissez-faire Leadership
Allows the group to function more or less on its own.
Laissez-faire Leadership
Is more expressive and makes a point of including everyone in the decision-making process
Democratic Leadership
Is a “take charge” style that demands obedience
Authoritarian leadership
A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.
Out-Group
A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty.
In-Group
Who uses reference
groups to form attitudes and make evaluations?
Individuals
This theory tell us that group discussion improves decision making.
Janis’s Groupthink Theory
A study of how punishment affects learning. Focused on obedience to authority, administering electrical shocks.
Stanley Milgram’s Research
U.S. policy errors, such as the failure to foresee Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor and the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba are examples of what research?
Janis’s Groupthink Research
A study of visual perception. of how people conform to group pressure even when they know the group is wrong.
Asch’s Research
What shows this research The Asch, Milgram, and
Janis?
That group members often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity.
A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions.
Reference Groups
A web of weak social ties, with little common identity and limited interaction.
Networks
The tendency of group
members to conform, resulting in a narrow view
of some issue
Groupthink
He claimed that larger groups turn inward,
socially diverse groups turn outward, and physically segregated groups turns inward.
Peter Blau
He described the dyad as intense but unstable; the triad, he said, is more stable but can dissolve into a dyad by excluding one member.
Georg Simmel
A social group with two members
dyad
A social group with three members
triad
A social group that increased stability but less personal interaction, often relying on formal structures.
Larger Groups
What Are Formal Organizations?
Are large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals
efficiently.
All formal organizations operate in an?
Organizational enviromental
These organizations reward people with pay for their efforts.
Utilitarian Organizations
A corporation or company are examples of what organization?
Utilitarian Organization
These organizations attract people who join voluntarily because have goals people consider worthwhile.
Normative Organization
Religious groups or church voluntary committees are examples of what organization?
Normative Organizations
These are organizations where membership is involuntary, are forced to join.
Coercive Organizations
Prisions, mental hospitals or psychiatric institutions, and Military boot camps are examples of what organization?
Coercive Organizations
Factors outside an
organization that affect its operation.
Organizational Environment
Organizational environment are influenced by?
-Technology
-Political and economic
trends
-Current events
-Population patterns
-Other organizations
Max Weber saw as the dominant type of organization in modern societies
Bureaucracy
Is a system of organization designed to be efficient and organized.
Bureaucracy
Organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is based on what?
-Specialization
-Hierarchy of positions
-Rules and Regulations
-Technical Competence
-Impersonality
-Formal, written communications
the rule of the many by the few
oligarchy
tendency of bureaucratic
organizations to perpetuate themselves
bureaucratic inertia
Focus on rules and regulations to the
point of undermining an
organization’s goals
bureaucratic ritualism
What are the problems of bureaucracy?
-Bureaucratic alienation
-Bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism
-Bureaucratic inertia
-Oligarchy
In postindustrial economy, name the two very different types
of work:
The highly skilled and creative work and the low-skilled service work.
Examples of designers, consultants,
programmers, and executives, is what type of work?
Highly skilled and creative work
Examples include jobs in fast-food restaurants
and telemarketing, is what type of work?
Low- skilled
Type of work associated with the “McDonaldization” of society,
Low-skilled service work
How have formal organizations evolved?
Early in 1900s, by
Learning from Japanese work culture organization’s. What year?
In 1980s
Rosabeth Moss Kanter proposed the opening of organizations for all employees, especially women and other minorities.
In 1960s
Frederick Taylor applied Scientific Management.
In early 1900s
