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Sociology II PARTIAL > Chap 7. Groups and Organizations > Flashcards

Chap 7. Groups and Organizations Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a social group?

A

Are two or more people who identify with and interact with one another

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2
Q

Examples of social groups?

A

Couples, families, circles of friends, churches, clubs, businesses, neighborhoods, and large organizations

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3
Q

Not every collection of individuals forms a group, but it forms a?

A

Category

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4
Q

People sharing a common status, but lacking interaction.

A

Categories

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5
Q

Temporary gatherings that can turn into groups under certain conditions (emergencies).

A

Crowds

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6
Q

Social groups divide into two groups.

A

-Primary group
-Secondary group

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7
Q

Family and close friends is an example of what group?

A

Primary group

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8
Q

College class or a corporation is an example of what group?

A

Secondary group

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9
Q

Is a small, personal, and lasting whose members share personal and lasting relationships.

A

Primary group

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10
Q

What is every society’s most important primary group?

A

Family

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11
Q

Is a large and impersonal, and goal-oriented social group, often of shorter duration.

A

Secondary group

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12
Q

One important element of group dynamics is?

A

Leadership

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13
Q

Two leadership roles are?

A

-Instrumental Leadership
-Expressive Leadership

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14
Q

Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks.

A

Instrumental Leadership

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15
Q

Group leadership that focuses on the group’s well-being. Builds personal and primary ties with members.

A

Expressive Leadership

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16
Q

What are Three Leadership Styles?

A

-Authorithian Leadership
-Democratic Leadership
-Laissez-faire Leadership

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17
Q

Allows the group to function more or less on its own.

A

Laissez-faire Leadership

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18
Q

Is more expressive and makes a point of including everyone in the decision-making process

A

Democratic Leadership

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19
Q

Is a “take charge” style that demands obedience

A

Authoritarian leadership

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20
Q

A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.

A

Out-Group

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21
Q

A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty.

A

In-Group

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22
Q

Who uses reference
groups to form attitudes and make evaluations?

A

Individuals

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23
Q

This theory tell us that group discussion improves decision making.

A

Janis’s Groupthink Theory

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24
Q

A study of how punishment affects learning. Focused on obedience to authority, administering electrical shocks.

A

Stanley Milgram’s Research

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25
Q

U.S. policy errors, such as the failure to foresee Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor and the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba are examples of what research?

A

Janis’s Groupthink Research

26
Q

A study of visual perception. of how people conform to group pressure even when they know the group is wrong.

A

Asch’s Research

27
Q

What shows this research The Asch, Milgram, and
Janis?

A

That group members often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity.

28
Q

A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions.

A

Reference Groups

29
Q

A web of weak social ties, with little common identity and limited interaction.

A

Networks

30
Q

The tendency of group
members to conform, resulting in a narrow view
of some issue

A

Groupthink

31
Q

He claimed that larger groups turn inward,
socially diverse groups turn outward, and physically segregated groups turns inward.

A

Peter Blau

32
Q

He described the dyad as intense but unstable; the triad, he said, is more stable but can dissolve into a dyad by excluding one member.

A

Georg Simmel

33
Q

A social group with two members

A

dyad

34
Q

A social group with three members

A

triad

35
Q

A social group that increased stability but less personal interaction, often relying on formal structures.

A

Larger Groups

36
Q

What Are Formal Organizations?

A

Are large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals
efficiently.

37
Q

All formal organizations operate in an?

A

Organizational enviromental

38
Q

These organizations reward people with pay for their efforts.

A

Utilitarian Organizations

39
Q

A corporation or company are examples of what organization?

A

Utilitarian Organization

40
Q

These organizations attract people who join voluntarily because have goals people consider worthwhile.

A

Normative Organization

41
Q

Religious groups or church voluntary committees are examples of what organization?

A

Normative Organizations

42
Q

These are organizations where membership is involuntary, are forced to join.

A

Coercive Organizations

43
Q

Prisions, mental hospitals or psychiatric institutions, and Military boot camps are examples of what organization?

A

Coercive Organizations

44
Q

Factors outside an
organization that affect its operation.

A

Organizational Environment

45
Q

Organizational environment are influenced by?

A

-Technology
-Political and economic
trends
-Current events
-Population patterns
-Other organizations

46
Q

Max Weber saw as the dominant type of organization in modern societies

A

Bureaucracy

47
Q

Is a system of organization designed to be efficient and organized.

A

Bureaucracy

48
Q

Organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

A

Bureaucracy

49
Q

Bureaucracy is based on what?

A

-Specialization
-Hierarchy of positions
-Rules and Regulations
-Technical Competence
-Impersonality
-Formal, written communications

50
Q

the rule of the many by the few

A

oligarchy

51
Q

tendency of bureaucratic
organizations to perpetuate themselves

A

bureaucratic inertia

52
Q

Focus on rules and regulations to the
point of undermining an
organization’s goals

A

bureaucratic ritualism

53
Q

What are the problems of bureaucracy?

A

-Bureaucratic alienation
-Bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism
-Bureaucratic inertia
-Oligarchy

54
Q

In postindustrial economy, name the two very different types
of work:

A

The highly skilled and creative work and the low-skilled service work.

55
Q

Examples of designers, consultants,
programmers, and executives, is what type of work?

A

Highly skilled and creative work

56
Q

Examples include jobs in fast-food restaurants
and telemarketing, is what type of work?

A

Low- skilled

57
Q

Type of work associated with the “McDonaldization” of society,

A

Low-skilled service work

58
Q

How have formal organizations evolved?

A

Early in 1900s, by

59
Q

Learning from Japanese work culture organization’s. What year?

A

In 1980s

60
Q

Rosabeth Moss Kanter proposed the opening of organizations for all employees, especially women and other minorities.

A

In 1960s

61
Q

Frederick Taylor applied Scientific Management.

A

In early 1900s

Sociology II PARTIAL (6 decks)

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