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Sociology II PARTIAL > Chap 4. Society > Flashcards

Chap 4. Society Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is society?

A

Is a group of people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.

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2
Q

4 important sociologists:

A

1- Gerhard Lenski
2- Karl Marx
3- Max Weber
4- Emile Durkheim

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3
Q

He describes how
societies have changed over the past 10,000 years. Points to
the importance of technology in shaping any society.

A

Gerhard Lenski

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4
Q

He talks all about social conflict that arises as people work within an economic system to pro
duce material goods.

A

Karl Marx

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5
Q

He shows that the power of ideas shapes society.

A

Max Weber

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6
Q

He helps us see the different ways that traditional and modern societies hang together.

A

Emile Durkheim

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7
Q

Lenski uses the term?

A

Sociocultural evolution

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8
Q

What is sociocultural evolution?

A

Means changes
that occur as a society gains new technology.

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9
Q

What are the Five types of Societies?

A

1- Hunting and Gathering
2- Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
3- Agrarian Societies
4- Industrial Societies
5- Post-industrial Societies

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10
Q

The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.

A

Hunting and Gathering

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11
Q

The use of hand tools to
raise crops.

A

Horticulture

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12
Q

The domestication of animals.

A

Pastoralism

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13
Q

Large-scale cultivation
using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.

A

Agriculture

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14
Q

The production of
goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.

A

Industrialism

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15
Q

The production of information using computer technology.

A

Post-industrial

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16
Q

Gerhard Lenski states that society is defined by what?

A

Levels of technology

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17
Q

Karl Marx states that society is defined by what?

A

Social conflict

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18
Q

Max Weber states that society is defined by what?

A

Ideas/mode of thinking

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19
Q

Emile Durkheim states that society is defined by what?

A

Solidarity

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20
Q

The stuggle between segments of society over valued resources.

A

Social conflict

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21
Q

Social conflicts divides into:

A

-Capitalists
-Proletarians

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22
Q

People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits.

A

Capitalists

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23
Q

People who sell their labor for wages.

A

Proletarians

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24
Q

Conflict between
entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power.

A

Class conflict

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25
Q

Marx’s term for workers’ recognition of
themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself.

A

Class consciousness

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26
Q

Values and beliefs passed from generation to generation.

A

Tradition

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27
Q

A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task.

A

Rationality

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28
Q

What is rationalization of society?

A

The historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought.

29
Q

Who considered industrial capitalism highly rational because capitalists try to make money in any way they can?

A

Max Weber

30
Q

Who considered that capitalism irrational because it fails to meet the basic needs of most of the people?

A

Karl Marx

31
Q

Are nomadic, have a few dozen members, consider men and women roughly equal because each have an important role.

A

Hunting and Gathering

32
Q

Are able to produce more food, so populations expand to hundreds, show greater specialization of work, and have increasing levels of social inequality.

A

Horticultural and pastoral societies

33
Q

May expand into vast empires, extreme social inequality, in which reduce the importance of women.

A

Agrarian societies

34
Q

Moves work from home to factory, reduces the traditional importance of the family and raises living standars.

A

Industrial societies,

35
Q

Shifts production from heavy machinery to computers, and requires a population with information-based skills.

A

Postindustrial

36
Q

Materialist approach is tell by who?

A

Karl Marx

37
Q

What is materialist approach?

A

Means that societies are defined by their economic systems.

38
Q

What was the conflict between social classes in “ancient” societies?

A

Masters dominates slaves

39
Q

What was the conflict between social classes in agrarian societies?

A

Nobles dominated serfs

40
Q

What was the conflict between social classes in industrial-capitalist societies?

A

Capitalists dominate
proletarians

41
Q

Who focused on the role of capitalism?

A

Karl Marx

42
Q

The experience
of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

A

Alienation

43
Q

Who predicted that a workers’ revolution would eventually overthrow capitalism and replace it with
socialism?

A

Marx

44
Q

Workers feel disconnected from their work and powerless under what?

A

Capitalism

45
Q

Thmajor spheres of social life,or societal subsystems, organized
to meet human needs

A

Social institutions

46
Q

Marx’s term for explanations of social problems as the short
comings of individuals rather than as the flaws of society.

A

False consciousness

47
Q

The idealist approach was state by who?

A

Max Weber

48
Q

What is idealist approach?

A

The power of ideas to shape society

49
Q

Weber traced what ideas?

A

Beliefs and values

50
Q

Members of preindustrial societies are bound by?

A

Tradition

51
Q

Members of industrial-capitalist societies are guided by?

A

Rationality

52
Q

An abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon.

A

ideal type

53
Q

Calvinism emphasizes the idea of?

A

Predestination

54
Q

The belief that God has already decided who will be saved) and hard work as a way to glorify God.

A

Predestination

55
Q

Is a form of Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin

A

Calvanism

56
Q

Encouraged people to work hard, be disciplined, and live modestly.

Wealth gained through honest work was seen as a sign of God’s favor, it isn’t supposed to be used for luxury but with used responsibility.

A

Calvinism

57
Q

Hard work, discipline, frugality, and reinvestment align closely with the?

A

Industrial capitalism

58
Q

Increasing rationality gave rise to what?

A

The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism.

59
Q

Who feared that excessive rationality, while promoting efficiency, would stifle human creativity?

A

Weber

60
Q

He claimed that society has an objective existence apart from its individual members.

A

Emile Durkheim

61
Q

He pointed out that social elements (such as crime) have functions that help society operate.

A

Emily Durkheim

62
Q

False or True. Society also shapes our personalities and provides the moral discipline that guides
our behavior and controls our desires.

A

True

63
Q

Condition in which society provides little
moral guidance to individuals.

A

anomie

64
Q

Social bonds,based on common sentiments and shared moral values,that are strong among members of preindustrial
societies

A

mechanical solidarity

65
Q

Specialized economic activity

A

Division of Labor

66
Q

In what society does strong bonds from shared values and tasks (mechanical solidarity), have guided the lives of their members?

A

Preindustrial societies

67
Q

In what society, bonds come from needing each other to survive by their specialized work (organic solidarity)?

A

Industrial societies

68
Q

True or False. Industrial societies and division labor weak traditional bonds.

A

True

69
Q

In what society, without shared values, people might feel disconnected (anomie)?

A

Modern Societies

Sociology II PARTIAL (6 decks)

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