Chap 7

Question 1

How did repeated exposure to his cousins sexually violent stories and photographs cause Ramirez to become sexually aroused to violence. Identify they uncondition/condition stimulus and response.

Answer 1

Ramirez found the photos and stories his cousin told him arousing and would masturbate to them . This later progressed into fantasizing about sexual bondage. The unconditioned stimulus was the self-stimulation (finding the photos arousing) the unconditioned response was the arousal gratification. The conditioned stimulus was his cousins stories and photos and the conditioned stimulus was finding violence arousing/defiant sexual arousal/gratification

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Learning process where 2 stimuli that are repeatedly paired result in a neutral stimulus that evokes a response from another

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus vs Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 3

UCS evokes a responses naturally without learning (food for examples evokes salivation in dogs))
CS was an originally neutral stimuli but with repetitive pairing with a UCS it triggers the response evoked by the UCS (if a bell is paired with food eventually the bell will evoke salivation in dogs)

Question 4

Unconditioned response vs Conditioned Response

Answer 4

UCR is the response evoked by a stimulus naturally without any learning (salivation at the sight/smell of food)
CR was originally evoked by the UCS but eventually becomes evoked by the CS as well (salivation at the sound of bell because of pairing the bell with food)

Question 5

What is Eysenck’s theory about development of classically conditioned “conscience”?

Answer 5

the conscience is a classically conditioned emotional reflex that’s developed through socialization. For example: through consistent punishment misbehaving will eventually be associated with unpleasant feelings like guilt.
UCS = punishment UCR = unpleasant feelings CS = misbehaviour paired with punishment CR = other deviant activities/behaviour

Question 6

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 6

stimuli that are similar to the CS evoke the same CR

Question 7

Is “ an offender sentenced to preform 100 hours of community service” positive or negative punishment or reinforcement? Why?

Answer 7

Positive Punishment - the offender is GIVEN an unpleasant response ie the 100hrs of community service

Question 8

Is “ an incarcerated inmate is released from prison early” positive or negative punishment or reinforcement? Why?

Answer 8

Negative Reinforcement - the inmate is having an unpleasant thing removed from their environment

Question 9

Is “ A shoplifter steals a cellphone and leaves the store undetected” positive or negative punishment or reinforcement? Why?

Answer 9

A postive reinforcment - the shoplifter was “given” a reward for their actions ie not getting caught therefore able to keep the cellphone

Question 10

Is “a qualified driver has his or her licence suspended” positive or negative punishment or reinforcement? Why?

Answer 10

A negative punishment - the driver had a pleasant/rewarding thing TAKEN from them ie their license

Question 11

What are the 2 main process for observational learning? What factors appear to increase the likelihood of a child imitate media violence they observed?

Answer 11

Acquisition - paying attention and memorizing the behaviour observed
Imitation - replicating (modelling) the behaviour previously observed
If there is direct or vicarious reinforcement (personally experienced or observing others being reinforced) it can increase the likelihood of imitating behaviour

Question 12

What is social reinforcement? What is nonsocial reinforcement?

Answer 12

SR = the verbal and non-verbal behaviour/gestures made by others following a behaviour that increase the likelihood of repeating said behaviour
NSR = Any nonsocial interaction event that follows a behaviour/responses therefore increasing likelihood of repeating said behaviour/response - material or internal physiological/emotional state

Question 13

How does social and nonsocial reinforcement apply to the Henry Hill case?

Answer 13

When Hill got in trouble with law enforcement the people in the mob celebrating him not cooperating with the police. Anytime Hill did something deviant and was caught the mob got him out of trouble.
Hill felt a sense of belonging when with the mob (emotional state), he also liked the luxurious lifestyle he was able to live (material).

Question 14

Identify ways that social networks can influence the likelihood of a person offending according to the differential association reinforcement theory (DA)

Answer 14

Verbal and non-verbal gestures and behaviours that follow a response can increase or decrease the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated so if our social network approves or disapproves of deviant behaviour

Question 15

What is the process in which experience causes a change in a person’s behavioural repertiore

Answer 15

Learning

Question 16

Summarize the Devalon Armstrong case

Answer 16

13yr old Armstrong babysitting younger sister; sister complaining of stomach ache - later found lying in bathroom difficulty breathing - died. Earlier Armstrong had preformed wrestling moves on her that he had seen on tv. His sister had broken ribs, lacerated liver, and internal bleeding.

Question 17

Summarize the Richard Ramirez case

Answer 17

Ramirez’s father had an explosive temper especially with the children; his cousin told him stories from his time at war including binding, raping and torturing women; showed him pictures - Ramirez found them arousing - Older brother was herion addict that stole - Ramirez would help - later lead to him beating and raping women, immediately killing any male in house - sometimes made them swear to satan - known as the night stalker

Question 18

Conditionality

Answer 18

the degree classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person

Question 19

what is a learning process where anticipated consequences influence voluntary behavioural choices?

Answer 19

Operant Conditioning - B.F Skinner

Question 20

What is discriminate stimulus?

Answer 20

A stimulus that signals whether a specific response is likely to be reinforced or punished

Question 21

What is reinforcement

Answer 21

Any event that follows a response that is likely to increase the repetition of said response

Question 22

A process that occurs when reinforcment is discontinued and responding subsequently diminishes until stops

Answer 22

extincition

Question 23

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 23

The rules for how often appropriate responses are reinforced

Question 24

What is continous reinforcment? What are the pros and cons?

Answer 24

Reinforcement is delivered after every appropriate response.
- Learn quicker
-Doesn’t last as long after reinforcement stops

Question 25

Intermittent reinforcement and it’s pros and cons

Answer 25

Reinforcement is delivered after some but not every appropriate responses
-response lasts longer after reinforcement stops
-slower to learn

Question 26

Difference between Positive and negative reinforcement or punishment

Answer 26

Postive = give
Negative = take
Reinforcement = increase behaviour
Punishment = decrease behaviour

Question 27

nonsocial reinforcement

Answer 27

any event that doesn’t rely on social interactions but increases the likelihood of repeating a response it is following

Question 28

Differential reinforcment

Answer 28

net effect of all reinforcement and punishment received for a certain response

Question 29

what is the token economy?

Answer 29

a structured behaviour modification system that awards tokens whenever a desired behaviour is preformed. After an individual has collected a certain amount of tokens they can be traded for a valuable privileges or prizes

Question 30

Observational learning and the 2 components

Answer 30

learning by watich and imitating actions done by others (model = the person preforming behaviour that is learned)
Acqusition - first step - paying attention and memorizing an observed behaviour
Imitation - 2nd step - performing task previously observed and memorized

Question 31

Direct vs Vicarious Reinforcment

Answer 31

Done to individual directly vs observing reinforcement done/have been done to different individual

Question 32

Summarize the Bobo the doll experiment

Answer 32

Bandura and Colleagues: children in a Standford University nursey taken one at a time into a room where they would observe an adult being violent both verbally and physically to Bobo the Doll or ignoring him. Depending on what they children observed predicted how they would behave towards the doll. Those who watched the adult being aggressive were significantly more likely to be aggressive to the doll too.

Question 33

Does Violent media have a large or minimal effect on violence?

Answer 33

There is a correlation but it is very minor, the environment a child is in has more of an effect than media

Question 34

Social Learning

Answer 34

Theory about behaviour acquired through interactions with other people and the environment (socialization)

Question 35

Differential Assoctiation

Answer 35

Edwin Sutherland - Theory: behaviour learned and exhibited varies as a function of their social interaction and relationships