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Criminology 105 > Chap 3 > Flashcards

Chap 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What ways can the frontal lobe be damaged to facilitate aggressive/violent behaviour

A

Frontal lobe controls higher order thinking, decision making, directs/maintains attention, integrates internal and external info, makes plans, and behaviour. Deficits in the frontal lobe can: reduce the ability to anticipate a consequence, impaired impulse control, impair select adaptive response, and inappropriate behaviour control.

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2
Q

How can deficits in the prefrontal cortex contribute to violent behaviour?

A

disrupts social and affective desicion making, diminishes guilt shame and empathy, irritability, poor planning an irresponsibility

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3
Q

How can deficits in the subcorital structures of the limbic system contribute to violent behaviour?

A

Amygdala - fight or flight/aggression and fear - emotional info processing in the environment and somatic (emotional) memory - stimulates aggression (overactive amygdala) - affects correlation of event with emotion that might decrease the likelihood - affects empathy; ability to recognize fearful and sad expression

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4
Q

How are the deficits in the laterization of language related to violent behaviour?

A

damage to the left hemisphere (processing and comprehending language (wernickles and broca’s areas) and processing emotional facial expressions) linked to agressive/criminal behaviour - hemispheric asymmetry - understand lexical but not emotional meaning of words (lack of empathy) and lowered verbal ability is linked to antisocial personality behaviour

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5
Q

How is the hemispheric asymmetry (dysfunction) related to violent behaviour?

A

asymmetrical distribution (lateralization) of particular functions like language/verbal skills to one hemisphere of the brain linked to a lack empathy

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6
Q

What does BAS and BIS stand for?

A

Behavioural Activation System
Behavioural Inhibition System

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7
Q

How do the BAS and BIS contribute to violent behaviour?

A

BAS triggers an emotional repsonse in the amygdala (activates behaviour for a reward)
BIS triggers the amygdala emotional response and activates a behaviour for a punishment - if underactive could lead to impulsivity and failure to learn from punishments

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8
Q

Identify the neurotransmitters invovled in the BAS and BIS

A

BAS - Dopamine
BIS - Serotonin

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9
Q

What are the roles of the neurotransmitters in the BIS and BAS?

A

Dopamine - activate other neurotransmitters in the system - linked to approach orientated/exploratory and pleasure seeking behaviour - overproduction linked to schizophrenia which suggests a link to aggression
Serotonin - for mood, sleep and appetite; low levels linked to negative outcomes like personality disorder (antisocial), suicide and mood disorders - low levels linked to aggressive behaviour

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10
Q

How can testosterone levels contribute tp social dominance and violent behaviour

A
  • Linked to aggression (weak link) only certain types like social dominance (non-physical aggression to try and achieve higher ranking status in social peer groups) - testosterone levels may rise in situations that challenge reproductive success/mating (challenge hypothesis)
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11
Q

How do cortisol levels affect violent behaviour? Is it high or low cortisol that affects it?

A

High cortisol affects toleration for frustration/stress, more likely to be violent to minor provactions (conduct disorder) (one study) low cortisol levels might be linked to aggressive behaviour (psychopathic offenders) (other studies)

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12
Q

How is the ANS Functioning connect to higher stimulation seeking or lower empathy levels?

A

Autonomic Nervous System: if underresponsive will have reduced reaction to environmental stimuli resulting in stimulation seeking inorder to raise serotonin levels - also linked to failure to link emotional expressions to an ANS response like normal (failure to elicit guilt) - also take risks in result from a lack of fear levels.

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13
Q

What are some indicators of ANS functioning?

A
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14
Q

what is Neuropsychology? And forensic neuropsychology?

A
  • The study of the brain, its functions and it’s role in behaviours and psychological processes
    -How specific brain structures generate behaviour responses to perceived environmental threats and how brain dysfunction may contribute to violent behaviour.
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15
Q

What is the Limbic System? And it’s function?

A
  • A system responsible for primal emotional drives like anger, fear or hunger.
    -2 major parts are the amygdala and the hippocampus
  • Plays role in memory, motivation, and emotional processes
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16
Q

What part of the brain contains the majority of cells for the central nervous system?

A

Cerebrum

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17
Q

What is the cerebral cortex and it’s function?

A

Thin gray outerlayer of the cerebrum, folded into many grooves and convultions

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18
Q

What is the cerebrums functions?

A
  • Separated into 2 hemispheres (left and right)
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19
Q

What is the bundle of nerves connecting the left and right hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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20
Q

What does laterization mean?

A

The localization of particular processes or functions within the left and right hemispheres

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21
Q

What are the four lobes and their main functions

A

Frontal, Temporal, Pareital, and Occipital
Frontal Lobe = governs higher order thinking, decisions, and aspects of personality

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22
Q

what is the organic brain syndrome

A

a disease that can result in decerased mental functioning. Can be from head injury/trauma, degenerative diseases, strokes, infections, low levels of oxygen

23
Q

What are neuropsychological tests?

A

Tests/tasks designed to measure cognitive functions beleived to be linked to specific brain reigions

24
Q

what does brain plasicity mean?

A

the brains ability to change structure/function and to develop new neural connections

25
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex and where is it located?

A

Located at the front of the frontal lobe (around your forehead); governs higher order thinking and executive control functions, and aspects of your personality

26
Q

What is an emotional instability where the persons mood or emotional expression can change rapidly without warning?

A

Emotional liability

27
Q

Executive Control Functions

A

Variety of higher-order cognitive skills (desicion making, planning, judgement)

28
Q

Disinhibition Syndrome

A

lack of mental control over emotional reponses as well as an inability to consider alternate more acceptable responses.

29
Q

Eposodic Dyscontrol Syndrome

A

recurrent uncharacteristic outbursts of uncontrollable/unprovoked rage

30
Q

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

A

neurological disoder of uncontrollable seizures because of abnormal electrical brain activity

31
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system - closely related to the fight or flight response

32
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

automatic physiological response to threatening/dangerous environments which readies people to flee or respond to the threat with aggression

33
Q

Hemispheric Asymmetry

A

Asymmetrical distribution (lateralization) of a particular function such as language/verbal skills to one hemisphere (typically left with criminal behaviour)

34
Q

Nervous System and the different parts

A

network of nerve cells/neurons, tissues, and organs that regulate/coordinate bodily functions. Central system (brain and spinal cord) Peripherial system (complex nerves connecting central to rest of body) Somatic system (voluntary functions) Autonomic System (involuntary functions) Sympathetic (fight/flight) Parasympathetic (calming)

35
Q

Endocrine System

A

hormone secreting glands into bloodstream regualting essential functions (growing, metabolism)

36
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers for the nervous system through the network of neurons (Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine most common for criminology)

37
Q

Dopamine

A

acts like a biochemical switch activating other neurotransmitters - connected to schizophrenia (excessive amount) and to aggression

38
Q

Serotonin

A

For mood, sleep, and appetite - lower levels is linked to personality disorders (antisocial) suicide, and mood disorders (bipolar) low levels is connected to violence

39
Q

Norepinephrine

A

synthesized from dopaminel regulates involuntary functions like fight or flight response; increases levels is linked to agression

40
Q

Behavioural Activation System

A

triggers an emotional response in the amygdala to activate a behaviour for a reward

41
Q

Behavioural Inhibition System

A

triggers an emotional response in the amygdala and activates a behaviour/response for a punishment

42
Q

Hormones and the 2 types pertaining to violent behaviour

A

chemical messengers to regulate vital bodily functions (endocrine system) - Testosterone and Cortisol related to violent behaviour

43
Q

Socail Dominance

A

non-physical aggressive behaviour meant to try and achieve higher ranking/status in a social group

44
Q

Sex Hormone (specifically pertaining to violent behaviour)

A

testosterone

45
Q

Stress Hormones

A

cortisol

46
Q

Challenge Hypothesis

A

theory - obersved relationship between testosterone and aggression - males testerone levels rise in situations that challenges reproductive sucess/mating

47
Q

Psychophysiology

A

study of relationships with underlying physical and chemical functions living organisms and their psychological state

48
Q

Peripheral vs Central Nervous Systems

A

Peripheral - connectes central nervous system to rest of body through millions of nerves
Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic Nervous Systems

A

Somatic is voluntary functions
Autonomic is involuntary functions

50
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic is for flight or fight response
Parasympathetic calms

51
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

individuals learn to iniate/inhibite certain behaviours to aversive stimuli

52
Q

Skin Conductance

A

changes in skin resistance to shocks - perspiration, ANS and emotional state

53
Q

How can heart rate affect violent behaviour

A

low resting heart rate is connected to criminal/violent behaviour - connected to lower levels of fear - underactive ANS

54
Q

What are the 7 symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction?

A

personality/emotional problems (apathy or emotional liability); deficits in anticipating, planning, and sequencing; initiating behaviour, monitoring behaviour, altering or stopping behaviour, and abstract reasoning.

Criminology 105 (6 decks)

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