CHAP 6 THERMAL AGENST: COLD/HOT + ESTIM Flashcards
What is the term for the angle at which a beam contacts the skin?
Angle of terms
What type of heat trasfer results from energy exchanged by direct collision between molecules of two materials at different temps? Heat is transferred by this when the materials are in contact with each other.
Conduction
What type of heat transfer occurs through direct contact of a circulating medium with a material of a different temp?
Ex:Whirlpool, fluidotherapy
Convection
What type of heat transfer occurs by the conversion of a non-thermal form of energy, such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy, into heat?
Ex: Ultrasound, diathermy
Conversion
What type of energy transfer occurs when energy from one material is transferred to another without the need for direct contact or an intervening medium?
Ex: infrared lamps
Radiation
How does Coolant spray work?
Evaporation
What is the term for the rate at which a material transfers heat by conduction, usually expressed in (Cal/sec)/(cm2 x C/cm)?
Thermal conductivity
List the clinical uses for cryotherapy
-inflammation
-pain control
-edema control
Others
-decrease spasicity
-control symptoms of MS
To facilitate movement
List 7 examples of types of cryotherapy
- Cold/ ice packs
- Ice Massage
- Immersion/bath
- Vapocoolant Spray
- Cold Compression Unit
- Contrast Bath
- Ice Towels
What is vapocoolant spray used for? (What effect does it help with?)
Helps with stretch
Cryotherapy influences what 3 physiologic processes?
- Hemodynamic
- Neuromuscular
- Metabolic
How does cryotherapy influence Hemodynamics?
It causes immediate constriction
How does cryotherapy influence neuromuscular function? (What does it influence?)
Nerve Conduction
How does cryotherapy influence Metabolic function?
It decreases metabolic rate
What are the 3 basic clinical uses for Thermotherapy?
- Pain control
- Increase ROM/ Decrease joint stiffness
- Accelerate healing
What 4 physiologic processes does heat affect?
- Hemodynamic
- Neuromuscular
- Metabolic
- Altered tissue extensibility
How can you locate the specific treatment area prior to applying cryotherapy, thermotherapy, e-stim and other modalities to ensure an effective tx?
Palpate
What are 3 adverse effects of heat therapy?
Burns
Fainting
Bleeding
List 8 types of sensation tests
- Sharp/Dull
- Light Touch
- Kinesthesia
- Proprioception
- Vibration Perception
- Stereognosis
- Two-Point Touch
- Thermal Test (hot/cold)
How many layers for heat if hot pack is on top of pt with no pressure?
6 to 8
How many layers for heat if hot pack is under the pt with pressure?
10 - 12
What is the treatment time for hot packs?
15 to 20 min
What is the term for the breakdown of proteins that permanently alters biological activity (of the protein) and which can be caused by excessive heat.
Protein Denaturation
What is the term for a decrease in blood vessel diameter?
Vasoconstriction
Muscle strengthening for NMES:
What are the correct pulse frequency (pps) and pulse duration?
Pulse frequency 35-80 pps
Pulse duration 150-200 us
NMES for Muscle Strengthening:
What is the correct ratio and on:off time?
6-10 sec on
50-120 secs off
1:5 initially
may reduce the off time with repeated tx
NMES for Muscle strengthening:
What is the appropriate tx time?
10-20 mins produce 10-20 reps
NMES for Muscle strengthening:
What is the appropriate ramp time?
at least 2 secs
How often can NMES be administered for Muscle Strengthening?
every 2 to 3 hours when awake
T.E.N.S. (what does it stand for )
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Name the different types of electrical stimulation
TENS
IFC
NMES
Iontophoresis
How can the application of electrical currents benefit the patient?
Pain control *gate control theory (HR TENS) *endorphin release (LR/Burst TENS) Muscle strengthening and re-education (NMES) Decrease muscle spasm wound healing
List 5 types of electrical currents?
- Direct Current (DC) - continuous flow of ions
- Alternate Current (AC)
- Pulsed current
- Interferential Current (IFC)
- Premodulated Current
What type of electrical current produces a discontinuous flow of current?
pulsed current
What is Premodulated Current?
It is a single-channel wave form which produces IFC
What is Russian Protocol?
A Polyphasic AC waveform delivered at 50 bursts per second
What body process promotes galvanotaxis, increases muscle contraction via creating action potentials, and promotes pain modulation?
Metabolism
Metabolic Process
What category of body processes increases muscle contraction via creating action potentials and promotes pain modulation?
Musculoskeletal
What is the gate control theory of pain and how it works
A theory of pain control and modulation that states pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of nonnoxious afferent input.
Which type of E-Stim stimulates the large diameter axons first then smaller diameter?
NMES
What is the Overload Principle?
Higher force contraction leads to more muscle strength gain
What should you locate first when determining placement of electrodes in order to stimulate muscle?
find the muscles belly
What E-Stim parameter determines the pulses per second for monophasic an biphasic application?
Frequency
What unit of measute is used to determine AC or number of cycles per second in an e-stim treatment?
Hz (Hertz)
Effects of electrical current
circulatory
metabolic
muskuloskeletal
the change in the nerve membrane potential (via the electrical current) must be great enough to cause an action potential
Strength and duration
increase local cellular circulation
circulatory
What are the types of electrical currents?
pulsed current
interferential current
What are the types of electrical currents?
Premodulated current
Russian protocol
pulse duration
200-400 microsec
What is galvanotaxis?
The attraction of cells to an electrical charge
100 -300 microsec
sensory
What is galvanotaxis?
The attraction of cells to an electrical charge.
