Chap 1 and 2 (Phys Agents & Inflamm/Tissue Repair) Flashcards
Fibroblast growth
Fibroplasia
What are the cardinal signs of Inflammation
Heat Redness swelling Pain Loss of function
Development of new blood supply to area
neovascularization
The protein of the fibers of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and all other connective tissue
Collagen
Rapid closing of a wound with sutures and little loss of tissue
Primary intention (wound contraction)
Wound contraction necessary for closing loss of tissue (open wound)
Secondary intention (wound contraction)
Use of graft or sutures later to close the wound.
Delayed primary intention (wound contraction)
Physical agents that cause an increase or decrease in tissue temp
Thermal agents
The application of electrical current through the skin to modulate pain.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Electromagnetic radiation in the IR range that can be absorbed by matter and if of sufficient intensity can cause an increase in temperature
Infrared (IR) radiation
Alternating immersion in hot and cold water
Contrast bath
systemically developed statements that attempt to interpret current research to provide evidence-based guidelines to guide practitioners and pt decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances
Clinical practice guidelines
Pain believed to involve sympathetic nervous system over-activation, previously called reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. (When it is painful to wear a shirt)
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
What is the I.C.I.D.H. model
international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps
What are some examples of mechanical agents?
Water
traction
compression
sound
Energy and materials applied to pts to assist in rehabilitation
Physical Agents
The body’s first response to tissue damage. Characterized by heat, redness, pain, swelling, and often loss of function
Inflammation
Conditions under which a particular tx should be applied
indications
The application of a mechanical force to the body in a way that separates or attempts to separate the joint surfaces and elongates the surrounding of tissues
Traciton
Name the stages of fracture healing
impaction induction inflammation soft callus hard callus remodeling
What is the name for the therapeutic use of cold water?
cryotherapy
What is the name for the therapeutic application of heat?
thermotherapy
What is the term for insensibility to pain, as in the effect of pain killers
analgesia
What is the term for the application of shortwave or microwave electromagnetic energy to produce heat within tissues, particularly deep tissues?
Diathermy
What is the term for goal-oriented intervention designed to maximize independence in individuals who have compromised function?
rehabilitation
What modality uses intermittent delivery of ultrasound?
Pulsed ultrasound
What is the international classification of functioning, disability and health? What is the model of disability and health created by the WHO
ICF MODEL
What is the medical term for pain in response to stimuli that does not usually produce pain?
Allodynia
What type of small, unmyelinated nerve fibers transmit pain slowly to the CNS in response to noxious levels of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation?
- Pain transmitted by these fibers is usually dull, long-lasting, and aching.
- Also called group IV afferents.
C-fibers
What is the term for monochromatic, coherent, and directional light?
laser
What is the term for the second phase of healing after tissue damage in which damaged structures are rebuilt and the wound is strengthened?
Proliferation
What are 5 common contraindications in the use of modalities?
- pregnancy
- malignancy
- pacemaker (or other implanted electrical device)
- impaired sensation
- impaired mentation
What is the term for the use of a dry heating agent that transfers heat by convection - it consists of a cabinet containing finely ground particles of cellulose through which heated air is circulated
Fluidotherapy
What is the term for alterations in anatomical, physiological, or psychological structures or functions caused by an underlying pathology?
Impairments
What is the term for the underlying tension in a muscle that serves as a background for contraction?
Muscle tone
What is Central Sensitization?
Lowering of the firing threshold of spinal cord pain-transmitting neurons caused by increased input from peripheral nociceptors
What theory of pain control and modulation states that pain is modulated at the peripheral, spinal cord, and cortical levels by endogenous neurotransmitters that have the same effect as opiates?
Endogenous opiate theory
What book is used by physical therapists to categorize pts according to preferred practice patterns that include typical findings and descriptive norms of types and ranges of intervention for pts in each pattern?
“The Guide” Guide to physical therapist practice.
What is the term for high muscle tone or increased resistance to stretch compared with normal muscles?
hypertonicity
What theory of pain control and modulation states that pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of non noxious afferent input?
Gate control theory of pain modulation
What modality involves the therapeutic use of intermittent shortwave radiation in which heat is not the mechanism of action?
Pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD)
What is the general term for the use of electrical current to induce muscle contraction (motor level) or changes in sensation (sensory level)?
Electrical stimulation (ES)
What is the term for the inability to perform activities required for self-care, home, work, or community roles?
Disability
What is the term for systematic reviews that use statistical analysis to integrate data from a number of independent studies?
Metaanalyses
What is the final phase of healing after tissue damage? (during this phase scar tissue is modified into its mature form)
Maturation phase
What is Evidence Based Practice?
The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of an individual patients.
what waxy substance can be warmed and used to coat the extremities for thermotherapy?
paraffin
What is a functional limitation?
Any restriction in the ability to perform an activity in an efficient, typically expected, or competent manner
What is the first phase of healing after tissue damage?
Inflammatory phase
What is the term for low muscle tone or decreased resistance to stretch compared with normal muscle?
hypotonicity
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
L.A.S.E.R.
electromagnetic radiation in an ultraviolet range that lies between X-ray and visible light and has non thermal effects when absorbed through the skin.
Ultraviolet radiation (UV)
Sound with a frequency greater than 20,000 cycles per second that is used as a physical agent to produce thermal and non-thermal effects
ultrasound
this model uses categories of health conditions, body functions, activities, and participation to focus on abilities rather than limitations
ICF model
The application of a mechanical force that increases external pressure on a body part to reduce swelling, improve circulation, or modify scar tissue formation
Compression
healing by growth of epithelium over a denuded surface, thus reestablishing the epidermis.
Epithelialization
Conditions in which a particular tx should be applied with special care or limitation also called relative contraindications
Precautions
The application of ultrasound with a topical drug to facilitate transdermal drug delivery.
Phonophoresis
an excess of blood in a tissue or organ
Hyperemia
Alteration of anatomy or physiology as a result of disease or injury
Pathology
Events of proliferation phase
- Epithelialization
- fibroplasia/Collagen production
- Wound contracture
- Neovasculation
Events of inflammatory phase
- Vasoconstriction
- vasodilation
- clot formation
- phagocytosis
Cells in many tissues and particularly wounds that are the primary producers of collagen
Fibroblasts
Antibodies, hormones, cytokines, and a variety of other soluble proteins and chemicals that contribute to the inflammatory process
Humoral medications
Events of inflammatory phase
- vascular response
- hemostatic response
- cellular response
- immune response
the therapeutic use of water
Hydrotherapy
At what point of tx should a PTA consider the position of the pt?
Before, during, and after
3 categories of physical agents
- thermal
- mechanical
- electromagnetic
patient education for traction
- don’t sneeze or cough during tx (it will increase intra abdominal pressure)
- empty bladder
- dont eat heavy prior to tx
examples of electromagnetic agents
- uv radiation
- infrared radiation (IR)
- laser diathermy
- electrical current
physical agents that apply energy to the pt in the form of electromagnetic radiation or electrical current
Electromagnetic agents
Physical agents that apply force to increase or decrease pressure on the body
Mechanical agents
Permanent shortening of muscle or scar tissue that produces deformity or distortion
contractures
Thin clear wound fluid composed primarily of serum
-fluid first forms edema during inflammation
Transudate
Term utilized to describe rapid, rhythmic muscle contractions in response to a quick stretch
Clonus
What is the recumbent position
Lying down
3 possible adverse effects of improper or prolonged positioning
- ischemia
- bedsores
- tissue necrosis
tissue composed of new blood vessels, connective tissue, fibroblasts, and inflammation cells that fills an open wound when it started to heal; typically appears deep pink or red with an irregular, berry-like surface (sugar like surface)
Granulation tissue
The pulling together of the edges of an injured site to accelerate repair.
Wound contraction
Model of disability created be the WHO that was a precursor to the ICF model and focused on disability rather than ability
ICIDH Model
Inflammation that occurs immediately after tissue damage.
Acute inflammation
the growth of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
White blood cells present early in inflammation that have the properties of chemotaxis and phagocytosis
Neutrophils
The transcutaneous delivery of ions into the body for therapeutic purpose using an electrical current.
Iontophoresis
a linear model of disability in which a pathology causes impairments, leading to functional limitations that lead to disabilities
-a precursor to the ICF model
NAGI model
A glycoprotein that provides the extracellular framework for all multicellular organisms
Collagen
Conditions under which a particular tx should not be applied.
Contraindications
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or threatened tissue damage.
Pain
Small, anuclear cells in the blood that assist in clotting.
Platelets
Nerve-related contributions to the inflammatory process.
Neural Mediators
Phagocytic cells that are derived from monocytes and important for attracting other immune cells to a site of inflammation
Macrophages
3 phases of healing
- Inflammation phase
- proliferation phase
- maturation phase
Events of maturation phase
- collagen synthesis/lysis balance
- collagen fiber orientation
- healed injury
wound fluid composed of serum with a high content of protein and white blood cells
Exudate
Be aware of patients with the following
- poor sensation
- paralysis
- decreased skin integrity
- poor nutrition
- impaired or decreased circulation
- predispositon for contracture development
