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Exam 5 - 8 > Chap 6 skeletal system > Flashcards

Chap 6 skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

mature bone cells found within compact bone are;

A

osteocytes

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2
Q

upper and lower limbs are:

A

long bones

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3
Q

thin, flattened, curved; skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae are;

A

flat bones

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4
Q

round or nearly cube-shapped; carpal, tarsal (ankle) bones are;

A

short bones

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5
Q

vertebrae, facial bones;

A

irregular bones

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6
Q

diaphysis=

A

middle part. shaft. Compact bone.

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7
Q

epiphysis=

A
  • end of the bone
  • cancellous bone (consists of trabeculae=supporting beam)
  • develops from center of ossification from the diaphysis
  • attach tendons and ligaments
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8
Q

periosteum=

A
  • outer long bone surface
  • double layer connective tissue membrane
  • where bone grows in diameter
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9
Q

endosteum=

A
  • line inner cavities of bone

- thin connective tissue membrane

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10
Q

articular cartilage=

A

hyaline cartilage layer covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone

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11
Q

4 components of skeletal system;

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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12
Q

attach bones to bones;

A

ligaments

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13
Q

attach bones to muscles;

A

tendons

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14
Q

ossification = osteogenesis =

A

formation of bone by osteoblasts

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15
Q

space occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies (holes in matrix);

A

lacunae

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16
Q

osteoblasts (bone forming cells) =

A
  • produce collagen
  • produce proteoglycans = packed into vesicles by Golgi apparatus, and released from the cell by exocytosis
  • have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum
  • numerous ribosomes
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17
Q

perichondrium=

A
  • layer of connective tissue surrounding cartilage

- once vascularized, perichondrium becomes periosteum

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18
Q

4 zone of epiphyseal plate;

A
  1. resting cartilage = nearest the epiphysis, contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly.
  2. proliferation = produce new cartilage. chondrocytes divide
  3. hypertrophy = chondrocytes mature and enlarge
  4. calcification = very thin, contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. hypertrophied chondrocytes die, blood vessels from the diaphysis grow into the area.
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19
Q

passage of canals that extend from the periosteum to the medullary canal are;

A

perforating (Volkmann) canals

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20
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone) secreted in response of:

A

decreased/low blood Ca2+ level.

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21
Q

osteon (in compact bone);

seeP.169

A

consists of

  • single central canal
  • concentric lamellae
  • osteocytes
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22
Q

bone tissue comprised (formed) of osteons/haversian system is:

A

compact bone

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23
Q

growth in epiphyseal plate (from epiphysis to diaphysis) ;

A
  1. resting cartilage
  2. proliferation
  3. hypertrophy
  4. calcification
  5. ossified bone
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24
Q

Space within the diaphysis (of long bone), have red marrow and yellow marrow is;

A

medullary cavity

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25
Q

increase in length of a long bone occurs by;

A

growth at epiphyseal plate

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26
Q

during endochondral ossification (replacement of cartilage) bone forms on structure composed of;

A

hyaline cartilage

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27
Q

hyaline cartilage consists of;

A

chondroblasts

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28
Q

effects of estrogen and testosterone on skeletal system;

A
  • stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plate

- stimulate bone growth

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29
Q

osteochondral progenitor cells can become;

A
  • osteoblasts

- condroblasts

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30
Q

trabeculae=

A
  • lamellae
  • canaliculus
  • osteoblast
  • osteoclast
  • osteocyte
    = supporting bundles of fibers traversing the surface of a structure
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31
Q

intramembranous ossification=

A

formation of bone within a connective tissue membrane

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32
Q

during endochondral ossification, a primary ossification center forms within the _________ of forming long bone

A

diaphysis (middle part/shaft)

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33
Q

expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach is;

A

epiphysis

34
Q

layer of connective tissue surrounding cartilage;

A

perichondrium

35
Q

ossification;

A

formation of bone

36
Q

increasing size or thickness of a bone due to beneath the periosteum is called______growth

A

appositional growth

37
Q

when blood calcium falls, ______break down bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood

A

osteoclasts

38
Q

mass of blood clot is called;

A

hematoma

39
Q

reticular=

A

Form a net

40
Q

single layer cells lining internal surface of a bone is;

A

endosteum

41
Q

epiphyseal plate which is composed of enlarged chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix is the zone of;

A

calcification

42
Q

structure between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child, and the site of bone growth is;

A

epiphyseal plate

43
Q

adult’s height is determined by (3)

A
  • hormons
  • genetics
  • nutrition
44
Q

penetrate=

A

go through,

becoming a part of…

45
Q

adhering=

A

stick to something

46
Q

trabeculae and red bone marrow are within ______bone

A

spongy

47
Q

yellow marrow is found in;

A

medullary (marrow) cavity of the diaphysis

48
Q

hormones involved in influencing bone growth are;

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • sex
  • growth
49
Q

circular layers of bone matrix in an osteon are called;

A

concentric lamella

50
Q

vitamin that is necessary for osteoblasts to product collagen is;

A

vitamin C

51
Q

osteoclasts;

A

removal of bone matrix, bone resorption

52
Q

calcitonin;

A

secreted from the thyroid gland when blood Ca2+ levels are too high, to decrease osteoclast activity

53
Q

older bone;

A
  • bone matrix becomes brittle
  • decreased collagen fibers
  • matrix formation slower by osteoclasts
54
Q

mature bone matrix is composed of;

A
  1. organic material (collagen and proteoglycans)

2. inorganic material (hydroxyapatite=mineral)

55
Q

lamellar bone is;

A

layers of bony matrix (lamellae) in compact bone

56
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood_____level

A

calcium

57
Q

increase pressure on bone attributes;

A
  • increased osteoblast activity

- electrical charge changes

58
Q

bone with collagen fibers formed during fetal development and fracture repair is;

A

woven bone

59
Q

3 types of cartilage;

A
  • hyaline cartilage =chondroblasts becomes a chondrocyte
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
60
Q

2 bone formation during fetal development;

A
  • intramembranous ossification (in connective tissue)

- endochondral ossification (in cartilage)

61
Q

When blood Ca2+ is high;

A

osteoclasts are activated

62
Q

When blood Ca2+ is low;

A

osteoblasts are activated

63
Q

intramembranous bone that have not undergone ossification are;

A
  • fontanels

- soft spots

64
Q

red marrow is;

A

site of blood cell formation

65
Q

yellow marrow is;

A

mostly adipose tissue (no longer produce blood cells)

66
Q

flat or irregular bones of skull have air-filled spaces called;

A

sinuses

67
Q

spongy bone consists;

A

trabeculae = cancellous bone

68
Q

Flat bones

A
  • no diaphyses, epiphyses

- sandwich of cancellous between compact bone

69
Q

Short and irregular bone

A
  • Compact bone that surrounds cancellous bone center

- No diaphyses and not elongated

70
Q

Compact bone=

A

=Dense bone

71
Q

bone matrix need for elasticity and rigidity are:

A

Collagen (elastic)

Mineral (grow strait)

72
Q

Skeletal system functions:

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage - Ca, phosphate, fat (marrow)
Blood cell production
73
Q

Vitamin c

A

Necessary for collagen synthesis / connective tissue by osteoblasts
Deficiency- scurvy

74
Q

Vitamin d

A

Absorption of Ca from intestine

Deficiency - rickets (kids)

75
Q

4 stages of bone repair:

A
  1. Hematoma (blood clot) formation = blood released from damaged blood vessels, bone tissue dies.
  2. Callus formation = internal callus forms between the ends of bones, external callus forms a collar around the break.
  3. Callus ossification = woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses.
  4. Bone remodeling = compact bone replaces woven bone, internal callus is removed and restore the medullary cavity.
76
Q

Vertebrae

A
  • cervical 7 = C1(atlas) C2 (axis) - C7
  • thoracic 12 = T1 – T12
  • lumber 5 = L1 – L5
  • sacrum = 5
  • coccyx = 3-5
77
Q

cancellous bone=

A

=spongy bone
has space between trabeculae.
space contain: bone marrow and blood vessels

78
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense/solid bone
  • osteocytes in lacnae (holes in matrix)
  • lamellae=many thin layers (mature bone)
  • central canal=parallel to long axis
79
Q
  1. Callus formation
A

osteoclasts break down dead bone tissue, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers and form granulation tissue.
osteochondral progenitor cells produce cartilage, and become osteoblasts and produce new bone.

80
Q
  1. callus ossification
A

cartilage in the external callus is replaced by woven spongy bone through endochondral ossification. Osteoblasts from the periosteum and endosteum enter the internal callus and produce bone.

81
Q
  1. Bone remodeling
A

repair is complete only when the woven bone of the internal callus and the dead bone are replaced by compact bone. Remodeling process takes time, a year or more. Osteoclast reduce size of external callus.

Exam 5 - 8 (5 decks)

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