Chap 6 skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
mature bone cells found within compact bone are;
A
osteocytes
2
Q
upper and lower limbs are:
A
long bones
3
Q
thin, flattened, curved; skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae are;
A
flat bones
4
Q
round or nearly cube-shapped; carpal, tarsal (ankle) bones are;
A
short bones
5
Q
vertebrae, facial bones;
A
irregular bones
6
Q
diaphysis=
A
middle part. shaft. Compact bone.
7
Q
epiphysis=
A
- end of the bone
- cancellous bone (consists of trabeculae=supporting beam)
- develops from center of ossification from the diaphysis
- attach tendons and ligaments
8
Q
periosteum=
A
- outer long bone surface
- double layer connective tissue membrane
- where bone grows in diameter
9
Q
endosteum=
A
- line inner cavities of bone
- thin connective tissue membrane
10
Q
articular cartilage=
A
hyaline cartilage layer covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone
11
Q
4 components of skeletal system;
A
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
12
Q
attach bones to bones;
A
ligaments
13
Q
attach bones to muscles;
A
tendons
14
Q
ossification = osteogenesis =
A
formation of bone by osteoblasts
15
Q
space occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies (holes in matrix);
A
lacunae
16
Q
osteoblasts (bone forming cells) =
A
- produce collagen
- produce proteoglycans = packed into vesicles by Golgi apparatus, and released from the cell by exocytosis
- have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum
- numerous ribosomes
17
Q
perichondrium=
A
- layer of connective tissue surrounding cartilage
- once vascularized, perichondrium becomes periosteum
18
Q
4 zone of epiphyseal plate;
A
- resting cartilage = nearest the epiphysis, contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly.
- proliferation = produce new cartilage. chondrocytes divide
- hypertrophy = chondrocytes mature and enlarge
- calcification = very thin, contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. hypertrophied chondrocytes die, blood vessels from the diaphysis grow into the area.
19
Q
passage of canals that extend from the periosteum to the medullary canal are;
A
perforating (Volkmann) canals
20
Q
PTH (parathyroid hormone) secreted in response of:
A
decreased/low blood Ca2+ level.
21
Q
osteon (in compact bone);
seeP.169
A
consists of
- single central canal
- concentric lamellae
- osteocytes
22
Q
bone tissue comprised (formed) of osteons/haversian system is:
A
compact bone
23
Q
growth in epiphyseal plate (from epiphysis to diaphysis) ;
A
- resting cartilage
- proliferation
- hypertrophy
- calcification
- ossified bone
24
Q
Space within the diaphysis (of long bone), have red marrow and yellow marrow is;
A
medullary cavity
25
increase in length of a long bone occurs by;
growth at epiphyseal plate
26
during endochondral ossification (replacement of cartilage) bone forms on structure composed of;
hyaline cartilage
27
hyaline cartilage consists of;
chondroblasts
28
effects of estrogen and testosterone on skeletal system;
- stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plate
| - stimulate bone growth
29
osteochondral progenitor cells can become;
- osteoblasts
| - condroblasts
30
trabeculae=
- lamellae
- canaliculus
- osteoblast
- osteoclast
- osteocyte
= supporting bundles of fibers traversing the surface of a structure
31
intramembranous ossification=
formation of bone within a connective tissue membrane
32
during endochondral ossification, a primary ossification center forms within the _________ of forming long bone
diaphysis (middle part/shaft)
33
expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach is;
epiphysis
34
layer of connective tissue surrounding cartilage;
perichondrium
35
ossification;
formation of bone
36
increasing size or thickness of a bone due to beneath the periosteum is called______growth
appositional growth
37
when blood calcium falls, ______break down bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood
osteoclasts
38
mass of blood clot is called;
hematoma
39
reticular=
Form a net
40
single layer cells lining internal surface of a bone is;
endosteum
41
epiphyseal plate which is composed of enlarged chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix is the zone of;
calcification
42
structure between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child, and the site of bone growth is;
epiphyseal plate
43
adult's height is determined by (3)
- hormons
- genetics
- nutrition
44
penetrate=
go through,
| becoming a part of...
45
adhering=
stick to something
46
trabeculae and red bone marrow are within ______bone
spongy
47
yellow marrow is found in;
medullary (marrow) cavity of the diaphysis
48
hormones involved in influencing bone growth are;
- thyroid hormones
- sex
- growth
49
circular layers of bone matrix in an osteon are called;
concentric lamella
50
vitamin that is necessary for osteoblasts to product collagen is;
vitamin C
51
osteoclasts;
removal of bone matrix, bone resorption
52
calcitonin;
secreted from the thyroid gland when blood Ca2+ levels are too high, to decrease osteoclast activity
53
older bone;
- bone matrix becomes brittle
- decreased collagen fibers
- matrix formation slower by osteoclasts
54
mature bone matrix is composed of;
1. organic material (collagen and proteoglycans)
| 2. inorganic material (hydroxyapatite=mineral)
55
lamellar bone is;
layers of bony matrix (lamellae) in compact bone
56
parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood_____level
calcium
57
increase pressure on bone attributes;
- increased osteoblast activity
| - electrical charge changes
58
bone with collagen fibers formed during fetal development and fracture repair is;
woven bone
59
3 types of cartilage;
- hyaline cartilage =chondroblasts becomes a chondrocyte
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
60
2 bone formation during fetal development;
- intramembranous ossification (in connective tissue)
| - endochondral ossification (in cartilage)
61
When blood Ca2+ is high;
osteoclasts are activated
62
When blood Ca2+ is low;
osteoblasts are activated
63
intramembranous bone that have not undergone ossification are;
- fontanels
| - soft spots
64
red marrow is;
site of blood cell formation
65
yellow marrow is;
mostly adipose tissue (no longer produce blood cells)
66
flat or irregular bones of skull have air-filled spaces called;
sinuses
67
spongy bone consists;
trabeculae = cancellous bone
68
Flat bones
- no diaphyses, epiphyses
| - sandwich of cancellous between compact bone
69
Short and irregular bone
- Compact bone that surrounds cancellous bone center
| - No diaphyses and not elongated
70
Compact bone=
=Dense bone
71
bone matrix need for elasticity and rigidity are:
Collagen (elastic)
| Mineral (grow strait)
72
Skeletal system functions:
```
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage - Ca, phosphate, fat (marrow)
Blood cell production
```
73
Vitamin c
Necessary for collagen synthesis / connective tissue by osteoblasts
Deficiency- scurvy
74
Vitamin d
Absorption of Ca from intestine
| Deficiency - rickets (kids)
75
4 stages of bone repair:
1. Hematoma (blood clot) formation = blood released from damaged blood vessels, bone tissue dies.
2. Callus formation = internal callus forms between the ends of bones, external callus forms a collar around the break.
3. Callus ossification = woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses.
4. Bone remodeling = compact bone replaces woven bone, internal callus is removed and restore the medullary cavity.
76
Vertebrae
- cervical 7 = C1(atlas) C2 (axis) - C7
- thoracic 12 = T1 – T12
- lumber 5 = L1 – L5
- sacrum = 5
- coccyx = 3-5
77
cancellous bone=
=spongy bone
has space between trabeculae.
space contain: bone marrow and blood vessels
78
compact bone
- dense/solid bone
- osteocytes in lacnae (holes in matrix)
- lamellae=many thin layers (mature bone)
- central canal=parallel to long axis
79
2. Callus formation
osteoclasts break down dead bone tissue, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers and form granulation tissue.
osteochondral progenitor cells produce cartilage, and become osteoblasts and produce new bone.
80
3. callus ossification
cartilage in the external callus is replaced by woven spongy bone through endochondral ossification. Osteoblasts from the periosteum and endosteum enter the internal callus and produce bone.
81
4. Bone remodeling
repair is complete only when the woven bone of the internal callus and the dead bone are replaced by compact bone. Remodeling process takes time, a year or more. Osteoclast reduce size of external callus.
