chap 6 general Flashcards
hematopoiesis occurs where in what bones
red marrow in the sternum, rib, hip, spine, and leg
Erythrocytes
red blood cells (RBCs), most numerous cells in body
ABO blood groups
A, B, AB, O blood types. each type has antibodies in plasma against other blood types
Blood type A
has the A antigen
Blood type B
has the B antigen
Blood type AB
has the A antigens and B antigens
Blood type O
has neither of the antigens
Rh blood group
has many different antigens known as Rh factors. With these factors, you are Rh-positive. Without them, you are Rh negative. If someone has AB blood type, they are either AB negative or AB positive
Leukocytes
white blood cells (WBCs). it has 5 types
Groups of the leukocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes: - neutrophil: many large granules (does not
dye red or blue)
- Eosinophil: many large granules (stains red)
- Basophil: many large granules (stained dark
blue or purple)
Agranulocytes: - Lymphocyte: narrowing with no granules
(the large one that’s round without lobes)
- monocytes: large amount with few or no
granules (1 large that’s kidney bean-shaped)
Thrombocytes
only cell fragments. “platelets”
start as stem cells and become megakaryocyte, the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes break off into fragments that are thrombocytes
Plasma
the clear fluid that makes up 55% of the blood
Albumin
a protein molecule that is produced by the liver. maintain the volume of the blood and blood pressure.
Allergic reaction
basophils release histamine in the blood and mast cell release histamine from connective tissue
local reaction
red, swollen, itching in 1 area
system reaction
1 or more body system
anaphylaxis
severe system reactive
eosinophil
release chemicals to destroy foreign cells
basophil
release histamine at the site of tissue damage dilates blood vessel, and increase blood flow
lymphocyte
NK cells, B cell, T cells
NK cells
Natural killer cells. recognize cancer cells and destroys it
B cells
inactive until monocytes present fragments of a pathogen that the monocytes have engulfed. Then B cell change into a plasma cell and produces an antibody
T cells
-Cytotoxic T cells: kills the cell that’s infected with a virus
- Helper T cells: stimulate the production of cytotoxic T cells. when helper T cells encounter a virus; they produce memory T cells
- memory T cells: inactive until a virus enters the body again. they remember the virus and become cytotoxic T cells.
- suppressor T cells: limit the extent and duration of immune response
monocytes
engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coated with antibodies in the process of phagocytosis. produces interferon, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor
interferon
produced by monocytes that engulf a virus. stimulate NK cells
interleukin
stimulate B and T cells. lymphocytes and Nk cells. Produces a fever that’s the inflammation and infection part. the increasing body temperature causes the stimulation of all leukocyte activity.
tumor necrosis factor
they destroy endotoxins (that are produced by certain bacteria). destroys cancer cells
antibody
produced by B cells when they change into plasma cells. AB coats the surface of the bacterium and this attracts leukocytes. AB coating marks the cells to be destroyed.
Immunoglobulin
IgA
in the body secretions (tears, saliva, mucus) and on the skin. IgA is given from mother to child via breast milk. this IgA provides passive immunity to the breast feeding body for all the diseases that the mother had
IgD
on the surface of a B cell lymphocyte and activates it to become plasma cell
IgE
on surface of basophil and causes it ti release histamine during inflammation and allergic reaction
IgG
provides active immunity during pregnancy, IgG crosses placenta and provide passive immunity to fetus
IgM
produced the first-time body encounters a pathogen. produced during blood transfusion of incompatible blood type
band
immune neutrophil in the red bone marrow that has nucleus shaped like a curved band.
Stab
electrolytes
molecules in plasma that have a + or - electrical charge
Sodium
Na+ exerts osmotic pressure that keeps water from moving out of the blood into the surrounding tissues. Maintain blood volume and blood pressure.
Bicarbonate
HCO3-, acts as buffer to maintain the pH of the blood
calcium
Ca++, factor IV in process of blood clotting
chloride
Cl-
potassium
K+
clotting factors
platelets release several that are activated by injured vessels
- fibrinogen: factor I. produced by the liver
- prothrombin: factor II. this factor is activated just before a thrombus is formed
- thromboplastin: factor III. Tissue factors. it is released by injured tissue
- calcium: factor IV
