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PSY 215 (Addictions) > CHAP 4 / SLIDe 4 > Flashcards

CHAP 4 / SLIDe 4 Flashcards

1
Q

“A chronic , relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences.It is considered a brain disorder, because it involves functional changes to brain circuits involved in reward, stress, and self-control.Those changes may last a long time after a person has stopped taking drugs” NIH

A

Brain disease model of addiction

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2
Q

Brain disease model of addiction: Criticisms

A

Challenges values about Self-determination & Personal Responsibility

Is a way of excusing Personal irresponsibility & Criminal Acts

Fails to identify genetic aberrations or brain atypicalities that consistently apply to all individuals with addiction

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3
Q

_______ /________ developmental period marks the peak ______ for being negatively affected as a result of exposure to alcohol & other substances

A

Prenatal / Fetal

Sensitivity

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4
Q

First use of a substance (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) during an _______ is associated with increases in the risk of developing a SUD

A

earlier age

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5
Q

Developmental Theory of Addiction

A

Prenatal / Fetal developmental period marks the peak sensitivity for being negatively affected as a result of exposure to alcohol & other substances

First use of a substance (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) during an earlier age (i.e., adolescence) is associated with increases in the risk of developing a SUD

“Continous process or trajectory”

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6
Q

“Developmental Trajectories” of addictive behaviours

A
  • Addictive behaviours can result in different trajectories
  • Its possible to transition between different trajectories
  • The probability of different trajectories is affected by:
    Individual characteristics, “addictive potential” of substances, attempts to change the behaviour in the past
  • There is no single “natural” trajectory to recovery either
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7
Q
  • Presents classical & operant conditioning processes as explanation of how addictive behaviour patterns develop, are maintained & become extinguished
  • Explain why environmental stimuli or bodily sensations trigger craving
A

Learning theory

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8
Q

This type of learning explains how drug cues are developed which trigger cravings that maintain addiction &/or increase the risk of relapse (cue-induced response)

A

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

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9
Q

The main two subtypes of Learning Theory are

A

Classical Conditoning (Pavlov)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

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10
Q

drug cues are not only an object or something that can be felt through any of the five senses, but can come from an _____ as well

A

internal state

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11
Q

Form of learning involving associations between previously neutral stimuli & stimuli that elicit an automatic response

A

Classical Conditoning (Pavlov)

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12
Q

Typically in a Learning Theory Approach, the drug cue from the environment may involve any of the _______

A

five senses

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13
Q

Typically _______ is associated with the development of drug cues. Even though the slide says this as well, it is possible for _________ to also form drug cues through consequences of direct behaviour
(ie; ______)

***MEMORIZE WITH CAUTION, SLIDE STILL SAYS FIRST ANSWER)

A

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

(Ie. Neutral room when using drugs may classically train person to get drug cues to said room in general when near it, however if the person is rewarded with the drug everytime they enter the room, they will also seek the room as a result because of the reward of their behaviour, both drug cues)

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14
Q

Dug cues are _______

A

person-specific

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15
Q

(Classical conditioning)

One goal in CBT for drug cues is to help individuals identify ______________

A

personal triggers & develop strategies for managing situations where encountered

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16
Q

Individuals are repeatedly exposed to drug cues (CS-Conditioned Stimulus) without experiencing the UCR (Unconditioned Response) (note: treatment isn’t very effective on its own, best used combined)

A

Cue-exposure treatment

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17
Q

review question for next week: which form of learning helps us understand how drug cues are formed

A

classical conditioning

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18
Q

Type of learning that is controlled by the consequences of one’s behaviours

A

Operant conditioning

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19
Q

any consequence that strengthens the probability of a behaviour

A

Reinforcement

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20
Q

adding a pleasant stimulus

A

Positive Reinforcement

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21
Q

removing an unpleasant stimulus

A

Negative Reinforcement

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22
Q

any consequence that weakens the probability of a behaviour

A

Punishment

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23
Q

adding an unpleasant stimulus

A

Positive Punishment

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24
Q

removing a **positive stimulus **

A

Negative Punishment

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25
Q

_____________ punish abstinence & challenge attempts to avoid the addicted behaviour/substance which has previously been rewarding

A

Withdrawal Symptoms

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26
Q

Operant conditioning can also be used to ____ addictive behaviours.
If _________ are no longer experienced following the _______

A

extinguish

positive consequences, addictive behaviour

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27
Q

_______ blocks the high feeling following alcohol

A

Naltrexone

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28
Q

________ use results in quickly developing unpleasant physical effects effects to punish drinking alcohol

A

Disulfiram

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29
Q

Note for exam: What is a cue-induced response?

A

When an individual experiences a craving / relapse when interacting with the drug-cue

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30
Q

In Operant Conditioning, What is rewarding / a punishment for one individual is not necessarily experienced __________

A

similarly by another

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31
Q

Operant conditioning Principles

A
  • What is rewarding/ a punishment for one individual is not necessarily experienced similarly by another
  • The sequence of events is important  consequence following a behaviour first has a greater influence over future behaviours when compared to a consequence experienced later
  • Timing of the consequence is important  if too much time passes between the behaviour & consequence, the power of the consequence is weakened
32
Q

In Operant Conditioning, The sequence of events is important
–> consequence following a behaviour ______ has a greater influence over future behaviours when compared to a consequence __________

A

first

experienced later

33
Q

In Operant Conditioning, ______ of the consequence is important - if too much _____ between the behaviour & consequence, the power of the consequence is ___________

A

Timing

Time passes

Weakened

34
Q

Who created Social Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

35
Q

In Social learning theory, Learning can occur through ____________________

A

observing others’ behaviours & their consequences

36
Q

In Social learning theory, An individual is more likely to imitate behaviours displayed by those who:
___________
&
_____________

A

Are more similar to them
&
Are more salient to them
(noticeable / important)

37
Q

In Social learning theory ______ & _________ classes of behaviours can be learned through observing & imitating behaviours modeled by others

A

Specific & entire classes

38
Q

The Major principles in Social Learning theory relate to those surrounding _________

A

observational learning

39
Q

Social learning theory informs interventions designed to shape the ________ of individuals

A

learning environment

ie.
- Providing positive behaviour models & emphasizing positive consequences experienced by them
- Removing negative behaviour models & emphasizing negative consequences experienced by them

40
Q

(Social Learning Theory)

Evaluating the likely _____ of engaging in a behaviour affects the probability of that behaviour occurring, this is known as an ________

A

Consequences

Expectancy

41
Q

(Social Learning Theory)
Expectancies are ________ of behaviour

A

Powerful predictors

42
Q

(Social Learning Theory)
expecting positive consequences increases the likelihood of engaging in the behaviour
- Increases motivation

A

Positive outcome expectancy

43
Q

(Social Learning Theory)
expecting negative consequences decreases the likelihood of engaging in the behaviour
- Decreases motivation

A

Negative Outcome Expectancy

44
Q

(Social Learning Theory)
______ determines whether positive/negative outcome expectancy takes precedence

A

Self-efficacy

45
Q

(Social Learning Theory)
Holding _____ alcohol expectancies is associated with better alcohol treatment outcomes at treatment initiation

A

negative

46
Q

(Social Learning Theory)
Expectancies can originate from ___________
Expectancies are learned from an ________

A

Different sources

Early age

47
Q

INFORMATION PROCESSING VIEW SLIDE!!!!!

A
48
Q

In Personality theory, Certain personality traits are more common among individuals who misuse substances –>

A

-Low levels of conscientiousness, but high levels of:
- Impulsivity / Disinhibition
- Difficulty delaying gratification
- Disagreeableness
- Sensation seeking
- Antisocial behaviour
- Social alienation

The Five Factor “BIG FIVE” Model Of Personality????

49
Q

There is no predisposing “addictive personality” (T/F)

A

TRUE

However, there is an association between substance misuse & certain personality traits, but no way to tell between vulnerability factors or consequences of misuse itself?

50
Q

Individuals with addiction represent a diverse & heterogeneous population - Therefore ___________

A

it is possible for anyone to develop an addiction

51
Q

Who developed the big 5 personality traits?

A

D. W. Fiske?? WHO EVEN KNOWS NOT ON SLIDE

52
Q

Learning is “___________” what is learned during intoxication, may not be recalled when no longer under the influence of the substance & vice versa

A

state-dependent

53
Q

Individuals display unsuccessful __________ of complex information provided in early recovery phase (brain isn’t fully recovered from the substance)

A

information processing

54
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Oral addictive behaviours  reactions to fixation of the oral zone during psychosexual development
Substance misuse may be an attempt to escape the intrapsychic conflict caused by tension between the id & superego (reflecting ego deficits)
Substance misuse as an attempt to cope with the formation of insecure attachments early in life
Self Medication hpypothesis of substance misuse  using addictive behaviours to “numb” the psychic pain due to insecure attachments/ego deficits/negative or disturbing feelings

55
Q

using addictive behaviours to “numb” the psychic pain due to insecure attachments/ego deficits/negative or disturbing feelings

A

Self Medication hypothesis of substance misuse

56
Q

Psychodynamic theory: limitations

A
  • Constructs involved are difficult to operationalize & objectively measure- lacking adequate empirical support
  • The presumed causes are experienced by many who do not engage in in problematic additive behaviours
  • Merely focusing on individuals’ own insights of their problem neglects the addictive power substances have
  • A combination of psychodynamic principles & other types of interventions may be appropriate
57
Q

Psychological principles operate in conjunction with ______ & ______ context forces
(Hint, all in one approach)

A

biological & social

58
Q

Social factors can be_____ or _______ in Addiction

A

protective or risk factors

59
Q

immediate (proximal) & regular social context interactions with the individual

A

Microsystem

60
Q

interactions between microsystem elements & settings where the individual functions

A

Mesosystem

61
Q

distal elements

A

Macrosystem

62
Q

Social contexts represent mechanisms through which the environment may _________________________________________

By invoking _____/____ & _____, _____, __ _____or _______ biological & psychological effects

A

modify one’s vulnerabilities or resilience around engaging in addictive behaviours
- By invoking constraints/triggers & enabling, triggering, disrupting or strengthening biological & psychological effects

63
Q

Social Stigmas in Addiction

A

Stigma about SUD can inhibit efforts to self-identify as having a problem & seeking treatment
Encountering stigma is commonly reported in individuals experiencing SUD  having a pervasive impact on their daily lives, social relationships, healthcare experiences, Internal states

64
Q

Environments exert influence on substance use behaviours through 2 mechanisms:

A

Social Control: increased/decreased opportunities to engage in substance use/misuse

Social Triggers: environmental aspects which amplify/dampen the behaviour (i.e., exposure to violence), triggering addictive behaviours

65
Q

Social control & social trigger forces can serve as _______/________ functions

A

protective/exacerbating

66
Q

Individuals play active roles in shaping their environments

Individuals are not passively influenced by their environments

A

“Circularity of influence”

67
Q

What theory involves;
- Adolescents lacking parental support or experiencing low levels of parental monitoring are more likely to use substances
Parents who misuse substances:
- Reduce quality of parenting behaviours & monitoring
- Model substance misuse
- increase access to substances
- Provide ambiguous social norms regarding substance misuse
- May expose children to adverse childhood events
- Protective factors against substance misuse in children –>establishing clear prohibitive norms regarding substance use, parental monitoring, and positive parent-child relationships

A

Family systems theory

68
Q

(Family systems theory)
Transitioning into important ______ is associated with reduced substance use
Family systems are important in the _____ & ____ of addictive behaviours as well as ______

A

social roles

initiation, & course, as well as recovery

69
Q

Substance use initiation & escalation are strongly associated with ______ use of drugs, espescially among adolescents

A

peers

Peers are powerful forces in the initiation of substance use & in assisting recovery  peer support during recovery instills feelings of hope & well-being, engagement & reduced use

70
Q

Neighborhood & community in addiction

A

Important factors influencing substance misuse:
Easy access to substances
Modeling of substance use
Rate of crime & violence
SES  disadvantaged neighbourhoods are associated with increased chances of substance use

71
Q

strong cultural identity & closeness to one’s culture of origin =

A

Potential Protective factors against susceptibility to SUD

72
Q

Some immigrants may engage in substance use in response to __________ or instances of ________
(this connects to the ________)

A

acculturative stress

discrimination & isolation

self medication hypothesis

73
Q

Gene- environment interactions explain ______________

A

individual variations in substance use behaviour & recovery

74
Q

______ has a pervasive influence on health outcomes, through impacts on behaviour, exposure & opportunity

A

Poverty

Poverty (& accompanying deprivations) may create chronic stress
Drug trafficking enhances access to substances & exposure to models of substance misuse
Poverty may affect access to treatment
One’s neighbourhood environment can also shape daily experiences, health-related behaviours & health outcomes

75
Q

disadvantaged neighbourhoods are associated with__________ of substance use

A

increased chances

76
Q

Interactions in addiction

A
  • Different social contexts (in the different system levels, micro-) interact in different ways:
    i.e., high levels of parental monitoring weakens the strong influence of associating with peers who engage in substance use
  • Gene- environment interactions explain individual variations in substance use behaviour & recovery
  • Circularity of Influence  Individuals are not passively influenced by their environments

PSY 215 (Addictions) (4 decks)

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