CHAP 3 /SLIDE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The 4 Groups of Substances

A

Depressants

Stimulants

Opioids

Hallucinogens

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2
Q

This group of substances: _________

  • Result in behavioural sedation & relaxation
  • Decrease CNS activity & reduce levels of physiological arousal

Include: _____________________

A

Depressants

– alcohol, sedatives (calming, hypnotic, sleep-inducing & anxiety drugs)

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3
Q

The commonly used substance in the group of depressants is ______

A

Alcohol

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4
Q

Apparent stimulation is the initial effect of ______ (although a depressant)
Initially - feel more _______
Then gradually - _________

A

Alcohol
- Out going
- Reaction time slows, judgment becomes poor, motor coordination is impaired & etc.

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5
Q

Effects of alcohol on the body

A

Orally administered
Following ingestion:
Easily absorbed from the GI tract:
10% absorbed by the stomach
It then travels to the small intestine where the remaining (90%) is absorbed into the bloodstream
Of the alcohol that reaches general circulation:
95% metabolized by the liver (& excreted in urine)
5% is excreted by the lungs  breath analyzer test

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6
Q

Effects of alcohol on the brain
- Alcohol has an effect on numerous neurotransmitters, including

A

GABA – may explain the anti-anxiety properties of alcohol

Dopamine– explains the pleasurable feelings experienced when drinking alcohol

Serotonin– may explain alcoholic cravings

Glutamate – may explain blackouts/loss of memory of the period of intoxication

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7
Q

Signs of Alcohol intoxication include ________

A

Mood lability (mood swings), slurred speech, impaired judgement, incoordination, impaired attention/memory, unsteady gait

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8
Q

Signs of Alcohol Withdrawals include ______

A

Sweating, hand / body tremors, transient visual or auditory hallucinations , agitation, seizures, insomnia, nausea/vomiting, anxiety (extreme cases = Delirium Tremens)

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9
Q

pattern of problems including learning difficulties, behaviour deficits & characteristic physical flaws due to alcohol in the womb

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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10
Q

____________ results in confusion & loss of muscle coordination
- Caused by a deficiency in thiamine (a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers)

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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11
Q

Consequences of excessive drinking

A

Liver disease & cardiovascular disorders

Dementia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):

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12
Q

______: The deterioration of brain functioning
Can be a direct result of neurotoxicity or poisoning of the brain by excessive amounts of alcohol

A

Dementia (alcohol induced)

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13
Q

Prevalence of Alcohol in Society

A

Men are more likely to drink & do so more heavily

Heavy drinking:
Men: 5+ drinks on one occasion at least once a month in the past year
Women: 4+ drinks on one occasion at least once a month in the past year

Higher rates of alcohol use disorders in European (Hungary and Russia) & American (USA) regions

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14
Q

Rate of alcohol use varies across countries due to

A

Different attitudes towards drinking
Availability of alcohol
Family norms
Physiological reactions

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15
Q

Predictors of later overuse of Alcohol

A
  • Drinking at an early age(i.e., between 11-14 years old) is predictive of developing later alcohol-related disorders
  • Lacking (or experiencing milder) physiological response to the sedative effects of alcohol may increase the likelihood of later misuse
  • Mixing alcohol with highly caffeinated energy drinks may be problematic
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16
Q

This group of substances: _________

Enhance alertness & activity & elevate mood, arousal & concentration

Include: amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine & caffeine

The most commonly used drugs in Canada (______)

A

Stimulants

(Caffeine)

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17
Q

The Most commonly used stimulant in North America

A

(Caffeine)

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18
Q

Caffeine use disorders

A

cognitive, biological, behavioural & social problems associated with the use & misuse of caffeine

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19
Q

Caffeine In small doses: __________
Caffeine In larger doses: causes ______

A

elevates mood & reduces fatigue

insomnia

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20
Q

Caffeine is known as a ______________, because it is less harmful than other addictive drugs (but still problematic)

A

“A gentle stimulant”

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21
Q

Regular use of Caffiene results in

A

Tolerance
Dependence
Intoxication
Withdrawal (headache, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, difficulty concentrating etc.)

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22
Q

Tobacco-related disorders

A

Cognitive, biological, behavioural & social problems associated with the use & misuse of nicotine

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23
Q

_______ , another highly common stimulant drug is a psychoactive substance that produces patterns of dependence, tolerance & withdrawal

A

Nicotine

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24
Q

Smoking prevalence is higher in men or women?

A

Men

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25
Q

___________ is typically inhaled into the lungs - and enters the ______
After ____ seconds reaches the brain

A

Nicotine / Tobacco

blood stream

7-19

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26
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of Nicotine include:

A

depressed, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite & weight gain

27
Q

Consequences of nicotine

A

In small doses, it can relieve stress & improve mood
… but can also cause high blood pressure & increase risks of heart disease & cancer

Bi-directional relationship between smoking & depression

Simultaneous smoking may make drinking alcohol more rewarding in terms of the effects on the dopamine reward system

28
Q

intoxication symptoms of Amphetamines & cocaine

A

pupil dilation, hyperactivity, hypervigilance, alertness

29
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of Amphetamines & cocaine

A

fatigue, insomnia/hypersomnia, increased appetite, unpleasant dreams

30
Q

Heroine, opium, codeine & morphine are examples of which group of substances

A

opioids

31
Q

natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have a narcotic effect

A

opiate

32
Q

family of addictive psychoactive substances that include:
Natural opiates, synthetic variations & endorphins - which cause euphoria and reduction in pain

A

opioids

33
Q

Opioid-related disorders

A

cognitive, biological, behavioural & social problems associated with the use & misuse of opiates & their synthetic variants

34
Q

_______ can cause euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing or death

A

Opioids

35
Q

_______ can also reduce pain and thus are sometimes given to patients before/after surgery (i.e., _____)

A

Opioids
(ie. morphine)

36
Q

Canada is currently experiencing an _______ crisis

A

opioid

37
Q

To prevent opioid use disorders, ______ must be aware of the potential for misuse & minimize ____________

A

Clinicians

inappropriate prescriptions

38
Q

intoxication symptoms of Opioids

A

pupillary constriction, drowsiness, slurred speech, impairment in attention/memory

39
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of Opioids

A

pupillary dilation, sweating, insomnia, muscle aches

40
Q

The consequences of which group of stubstances causes:

Mortality are 6 to 20 times more than the general population

Relapse is common

Many replace these with alcohol or other drugs

Only 30% experience stable abstinence

Increased risk of HIV infection

A

Opioids

41
Q

The high or rush experienced by opioid users is due to activation of the ____________________

A

the body’s natural opioid system (i.e., endorphins) by the opioids taken (i.e., heroine, opium, morphine & etc.)

42
Q

This group of substances: _________
- Alter sensory perception & produce delusion, paranoia & hallucinations

The main two substances listed on the slide of these are ______ & ______

A

Hallucinogens

Cannabis and LSD

43
Q

_______
- Produced synthetically in laboratories
- Sometimes referred to as “____”
- Trips and “bad trips”
- Tolerance develops quickly

A

LSD

“acid”

44
Q

Cannabis is a tricky drug to classify due to its unique properties however historically and in the slide, Cannabis can _________________

A

Can have effects that fall in 3 categories: depressants, stimulants & hallucinogen

45
Q

Hallucinogens can be problematic due to posing the possibility of _______ & ________

A

psychotic reactions & “bad trips”

46
Q

name given to the dried parts of the cannabis or hemp plant
The widely used illegal substance (but legal in Canada)

A

Marijuana

47
Q

Common reactions / intoxication of cananbis include:

However, _____________

A

altered perceptions, mood swings, heightened sensory experiences etc.

Can produce very different reactions in people

48
Q

Withdrawals of Cannabis can include

A

irritability, anxiety, sleep difficulty, decreased appetite / weight loss, restlessness

49
Q

Consequences of misuse of Cannabis

A
  • In large doses –paranoia, hallucinations, dizziness
  • Frequent long-term use may result in impaired memory, concentration, motivation & cannabis use disorder
  • Overdose can induce panic attacks & psychosis
    -Synthetic marijuana (‘fake weed’, ‘k2’,or ‘spice’)  hallucinations, seizures or heart rhythm problems
  • Some experience tolerance, others experience reverse tolerance Use for medical purposes is controversial
50
Q

Dopamine pathways (dopamine reward system)

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA; midbrain, brainstem)  high concentration of dopamine
mesolimbic pathway  spans from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens (striatum) & other limbic regions
- **Activation is necessary for experiencing reward & reinforcement

- Each drug increases the amount of dopamine released in this pathway differently

51
Q

; midbrain, brainstem) area with high concentration of dopamine

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

52
Q

spans from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens (striatum) & other limbic regions

A

mesolimbic pathway

53
Q

Natural rewards & drug stimuli stimulate the release of ______ from the ___ into the _____ (brain’s ‘pleasure centre’)

A

dopamine

VTA

accumbens

54
Q

During withdrawal syndrome - substantial decrease in dopamine in the ______ (pleasure centre of the brain)

A

nucleus accumbens

55
Q

removes dopamine from the synaptic cleft

A

Dopamine transporter

56
Q

All classes of drugs increase _____ levels in the brain, but in_________

A

dopamine

different ways

57
Q

Effect of drugs on dopamine

A

Some (i.e., alcohol & nicotine) indirectly excite dopamine-producing neurons in the VTA to they generate more action potentials

Others (i.e., cocaine) act at the nerve terminal  bind to dopamine-transporter & block the reuptake of dopamine

58
Q

process that allows neurotransmitters to be taken back into the presynaptic neuron

A

Reuptake

59
Q

Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

A

Type of learning that is controlled by the consequences of one’s behaviours

Can explain how addiction develops

Reinforcement  any consequence that strengthens a behaviour
Positive reinforcement  a pleasant stimulus (i.e., the high feeling) following a behaviour (i.e., using drugs) which strenghtens the behaviour

60
Q

environmental stimuli associated with drug use which motivate drug seeking & explain relapse

A

Drug cues

61
Q

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov):

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  i.e., cocaine
Unconditioned Response (UCR)  i.e., the high feeling
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  i.e., straw
Conditioned Response (CR)  i.e., the ‘high’ feeling (craving cocaine)

62
Q

The difference between Classical and Operant conditioning is that

A

The most important difference is that Pavlov’s conditoinng uses unconditioned or natural responses to create conditioned responses, whereas in operant conditioning uses the direct “consequences” of beahviour to reinforce or punish it.

63
Q

What theory explains how certain cues are associated with drug use

A

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
(SLIDE SAYS THIS BUT OPERANT MAY ALSO WORK IN SOME CASES, STILL MOSTLY CLASSICAL!!!!)

64
Q

Factors involved in relapse & craving include

A
  • Re-exposure to the drug
  • Exposure to drug cues (enviromental)
  • Exposure to enviromental stressors