CHAP 2 / SLIDE 2

Question 1

5 Steps to Scientific method

Answer 1

1. Ask the question
2. Design the study
3. Collect the Data
4. Analyze the data
5. Report the results

Question 2

Some goals of the scientific method are, especially when sampling

Answer 2

• Gather a relatively large , representative sample through random selection to ensure generalizability
• Identify all variables (i.e., confounding variables)
  Choose appropriate measures

Question 3

All 4 of the research designs used in scientific research are:

Answer 3

1. Descriptive: “Quantifies” (ie; How common is alcohol use disorder (AUD))
2. Case Studies: “In depth examination of the life of one person”
   (ie; What does Sam’s AUD look like and how did it develop?)
3. Observational / Correlational: “Studies naturally occurring relationships (no manipulation)” (ie: “Is age related to risk of alcohol use disorder”)
4. Experimental: “Studies impact of manipulation that is randomly assigned”
   (ie; Do individuals randomly assigned to group or individual therapy having better outcomes)

Question 4

2 Types of Variables in Scientific Research

Answer 4

Dependent and Independent Variables

Question 5

A Quantitative / Qualitative quality that differs and can take different values for different people is known as a _______

Answer 5

Variable

Question 6

the variable that is influenced by the another type of variable (ie. what we measure)

Answer 6

Dependent variable

Question 7

a variable that influences another variable

Answer 7

Independent variable

Question 8

Changing, withdrawing or doing something that doesn’t happen naturally

Answer 8

Manipulation

Question 9

Studying behaviours in “real world” settings as they naturally occur with no attempt to manipulate

Answer 9

Naturalistic Observation

Question 10

Advantages of Naturalistic Observation

Answer 10

• We can understand a range of behaviours as they naturally occur
• We can measure “true” behaviours
• Avoids social desirability bias
• High in external validity

Question 11

Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation

Answer 11

• Slow progress
• Low in internal validity
• Dosent work well if people are aware they are being Observed

Question 12

• In-depth examination of the life of One person
• Interviewing the person or people that know them, analysing writings, etc

Answer 12

Case Studies

Question 13

Advantages of Case Studies

Answer 13

• Find out about personality in great detail
• Formulate a general hypothesis that can be tested on a larger sample
• In depth knowledge about rare phenomena

Question 14

Disadvantages of Case Studies

Answer 14

-Results cannot be generalised
-Cannot establish causality

Question 15

• Determining whether there is a relationship between two variables, without manipulation
• Examines the relationship between variables as they occur naturally-
• Correlation Coefficient (+1 -to -1)

Answer 15

Correlational Studies

Question 16

In a study of happiness, if as:
As self- esteem increases, happiness also increases
&
As self-esteem decreases, happiness also decreases
This would be known as a ________________

Answer 16

Positive Relationship

Question 17

In a study of happiness, if as:
As self- esteem increases, happiness decreases
&
As self-esteem decreases, happiness increases
This would be known as a ____________

Answer 17

Negative Relationship

Question 18

The “strength” of a correlational relationship (ie; 0.01 vs 1) is known as the ___

Answer 18

Magnitude

Question 19

A correlation of +1 or -1 is a ______ correlation

Answer 19

Perfect

Question 20

In labelling the magnitude of correlations and their Interpretations
0.5 = ___
> 0.5 - 1 = _____
< 0.5 0.1 = _____

Answer 20

Moderate relationship (0.5)

Very Strong - To - Perfect Relationship

Weak - To - Very Weak Relationship

Question 21

Advantages of Correlational Studies

Answer 21

• Examines the relationship between variables as they occur naturally ( No manipulation involved)

Question 22

In class example of where a correlational study could be used where a experimental one could not

Answer 22

Ie. To study the role of nutrition in intelligence, we have to manipulate the IV to see an effect on the DV. We now need two sample groups, one of a healthy diet, one group starves, this study is unethical (Impossible for a experimental, but allows opportunity for Correlational as there are individuals that sadly are in the category naturally)

Question 23

Disadvantages of Correlational Studies

Answer 23

Not designed to identify causal relationships (Directionality problem; third variable problem)

Question 24

Correlation does not indicate _______

Answer 24

causation

Question 25

2 Key Requirements of Experimental Methods are

Answer 25

1. Random assignment of participants to condition
2. Manipulation of an independent variable

Question 26

2 Main Classes of Experimental Design

Answer 26

1. Between-group design
2. Within-group design

Question 27

Apply different interventions to different groups of people and compare the effects on the outcome measure across groups

Answer 27

Between-group Design

Question 28

Apply different interventions to the same people at different times and compare the effects on the outcome measure owing each intervention

Answer 28

Within-group Design

Question 29

The Effect of an individuals expectation of whatever they are taking or doing

Answer 29

Placebo Effect

Question 30

Being exposed to something first, compared to another thing first could have adverse effects in a research study

Answer 30

The Order Effect

Question 31

Neither Researchers nor participants are aware of whose in the experimental or control group

Answer 31

Double Blind Study

Question 32

Being unaware whether one is in the experimental or control group

Answer 32

Blind Study

Question 33

the probability of obtaining our finding merely by chance vs hypothesis (hopefully) small

Answer 33

Statistical Significance

Question 34

If a difference is observed in the DV - this can either be attributed to ______ or the _________

Answer 34

chance alone

independent variable

Question 35

What to use to estimate the probability of getting a difference of the size observed merely by chance and its value / estimate statistical significance

Answer 35

P-Value (Probability Value)

P< 0.05

Question 36

_______________ is an example of individually randomised between-group design

Answer 36

Randomised controlled trial (RCT)

Question 37

when researchers expose participants to each condition or treatment in different orders to prevent order effect

Answer 37

Counterbalancing

Question 38

Having researchers aware of study conditions is a potentially important source of __________ bias

Answer 38

Confirmation Bias

Question 39

a researcher’s expectations about the findings of their research are inadvertently conveyed to participants and influence their responses

Answer 39

Experimenter expectancy effect / Rosenthal effect

Question 40

Participants pick up cues from studys that allows them to guess researchers hypothesis, and can alter their behaviours

Answer 40

Demand Characteristics (also Experimenter expectancy effect / Rosenthal effect)
- Assuming that characteristics is term for specific thing rather than overall effect

Question 41

Reviews all research proposals carefully before approval, Including:
* Informed consent
* Duration of the study
* Potential risks and discomfort
* Volunteer participation & right to withdraw

Answer 41

Research Ethics Board

Question 42

Having a strong reason to believe is different from having ____________________

Answer 42

direct evidence to support an intervention’s effectiveness

Question 43

How can results from sampling in research be most generalizable?

Answer 43

Large Sample Size (high power)
* Representatitve sample (both sexes, age range, different culture, etc)
What outcome measures?
* To measure abstinence self-reports? Biochemical tests at follow-up? AKA
* Follow “best practice” in the field:
* Alcohol → self-reports
* Smoking → biochemical tests
* Illicit drug use → self-report, but urine screening is essential