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PSY 215 (Addictions) > CHAP 1 / SLIDE 1 > Flashcards

CHAP 1 / SLIDE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Addiction is not limited to drug ingestion as many _____ can be addictive as well

A

behaviours

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2
Q

Conceptualizing & Defining ____ has been a matter of debate

A

Addiction

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3
Q

Addictive Behaviours Include ___ behaviours & ____ behaviours

A

substance, non substance

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4
Q

Some Characteristics of Addictive Behaviours are

A

Repetitive Pattern which increases the risk of Disease and / or personal & social problems
Feeling of “loss of control” over the behaviour - unable to achieve abstinence or moderate use despite wanting to
Include immediate gratification (short term reward) & delayed damaging effects (long term cost)
Attempts to change behaviour (i.e through treatment) results in high relapse rates

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5
Q

Viewing addictions as a black white / either or manner

A

Individuals with SUD
- Heavy users
Individuals without SUD
- Never drink
- Occasionally drink
- Regularly drink in moderate amounts

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6
Q

Viewing Addiction as a Spectrum; as a process of severity of use

A

Moderate use of substance behaviours
Moderate engagement in non-substance behaviours
Other end of the spectrum
Excessive use of substance behaviours
Excessive engagement in non-substance behaviours

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7
Q

Advantage using The Spectrum of Addiction vs Black and White

A

may reduce Stigmatization attached to the word “addiction”

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8
Q

____________ disorders are the most stigmatised mental disorders, followed by illegal drug use disorders

A

Alcohol Use Disorders

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9
Q

Is it possible to use drugs and not misuse them? / Is it possible to use drugs and not become addicted to Them?

A

Complicated, but likely.
-… but… impossible to know or predict ahead of time who will develop dependence

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10
Q
  • Widely accepted system for diagnosing and describing mental disorders
  • Has undergone revisions based on research findings regarding etiologies of different disorders, changes over time in societies standards, etc
A

DSM-5 / DSM-5 TR

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5)

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11
Q

In DSM-5, “addiction” is replaced with _______

A

“Substance Use Disorder”

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12
Q

In the DSM-5, SUDS includes ____ classes of drugs: _________________________________________________

A

10
1. alcohol
2. caffieine
3 cannabis
4. hallucinogens
5. inhalants
6. opioids
7. Sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs
8. stimulants
9. tobacco, and other substances

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13
Q

DSM-5 no longer consists the words _______ in its writings

A

“addict” or “substance abuse”

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14
Q

“range of problems associated with the use & misuse of drugs that alter the way one thinks, feels, or behaves”

A

Substance related & addictive disorders

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15
Q

Although the pharmacological mechanisms by which each class of drugs produces _____ is different, they all directly activate the brain __________ & _______ (an arousing “high” or a destressing “numbing” or _______)

A

reward, reward system & produce feelings of pleasure, both

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16
Q

______ overrides ______ due to expectation effects (ie. ____________________________________) (Both arousal and numbing)

A

Psychology, physiology, ie; nicotine can both give someone energy and make someone relax

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17
Q

The only Non substance related disorder categorized (in the DSM-5) currently is _____
Why? _____

A

Gambling Disorder

Gambling Behaviours - similar to drugs, activate the brain reward system & produce comparable behavioural symptoms

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18
Q

Other behavioural addictions not included in the DSM-5 (ie gaming) is due to ___________

A

insufficient research to identify them as mental disorders

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19
Q

Many individuals with SUD’s use substances or engage in addictive behaviour as a way of ______ & ________ through such __________

A

modifying their moods, and self medicating, through such reliable coping strategies

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20
Q

The two types of Substance Related Disorders include

A

Substance-use disorders

Substance-induced disorders

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21
Q

A cluster of cognitive, behavioural, and physiological symptoms, indicating that the individual continues using the substance, despite significant substance-related problems

A

Substance-use disorders

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22
Q

The specific conditions resulting from use of a substance (i.e - intoxication, withdrawal, substance-induced mental disorders: psychotic or depressive, etc)

A

Substance-induced disorders

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23
Q

Substance-induced disorders can include ______, ______, and _______

A

intoxication
withdrawal
substance-induced mental disorders: psychotic / depressive

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24
Q

Chemical compounds that alter one’s mood or behaviour (illegal and non-legal substances)

A

Substances

25
Q

the ingestion of substances in moderate amounts that do not interfere with functioning

A

Substance use

26
Q

overall physiological reaction to ingested substances (non-specific)

A

Substance intoxication

27
Q

defined in terms of how significantly substance use interferes with one’s life (rather than the amount of the substance ingested) (People have different tolerances, medications, etc), also known as addiction.

A

Substance use disorder (key term version)

28
Q

Using increasingly greater amounts of the drug(s) to experience the same effect

A

Tolerance

29
Q

the need for an increased amount of the substance to achieve the desired effects, or a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

A

tolerance

30
Q

Experiencing a negative physical response when the subject is no longer ingested

A

Withdrawal

31
Q

The degree to which tolerance develops ______ across individuals and substances

A

varies

32
Q

Experiencing negative physiological reactions to the removal of a substance which can be reduced or diminished by the use of the same or a similar substance

A

Withdrawal

33
Q

__________ vary across different classes of substances = separate criteria sets are provided in ______

A

Withdrawals, DSM-5

34
Q

Which substance causes withdrawals of primarily, “experiencing hallucinations and body tremors, vomiting, nausea, insomnia, etc”, and what is the withdrawal defined as? _____

A

Alcohol, Alcohol withdrawal delirium or DT’s (delirium tremens)

35
Q

Tolerance and Withdrawals are example of

A

Physiological dependence

36
Q

DT’s (delirium tremens) is always the result of

A

Alcohol withdrawals

37
Q

Which substance causes withdrawals of “anxiety, sleep changes, lack of motivation & boredom”

A

Cocaine

38
Q

Which substance causes withdrawals of “irritability, nervousness, appetite change, and sleep disturbance”

A

Cannabis

39
Q

behavioural reactions to drugs, like Drug-seeking behaviours (ie. stealing money, being cold to smoke) are examples of

A

Psychological dependence

40
Q

Examples of physiological dependence

A

Tolerance and Withdrawal

41
Q

Examples of Psychological dependence

A

Drug-seeking behaviours
(ie, stealing money to use, going in cold weather to smoke even though u dont want to)

42
Q

_____________ are physically addictive / result in physical withdrawal (i.e ____ / _______)

A

Not all substances, LSD / hallucinogenics

43
Q

DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS would say that a mild prescence of a substance-use disorder would consist of _______

A

2-3 symptoms

44
Q

In order to meet the criteria for a substance use disorder, ____________ DSM-5 symptoms must be met in the last ____ which has resulted in __________________.
Also must specifiy ______

A

Minimum 2

Last Year

Clinically significant impairment or distress (ie life function, job, school)

Severity!

45
Q

DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS would say that a moderate presence of a substance-use disorder would consist of ______

A

4-5 symptoms

46
Q

DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS would say that a severe presence of a substance-use disorder would consist of ______

A

6 or more symptoms

47
Q

The first 4 (1-4) symptoms of DSM-5 SUD criteria, merged into group one, known as the “Impaired Control” group over substance use, include

A
  1. Substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period
    than was originally intended
  2. There is persistent desire, or unsuccessful efforts, to
    Cut down or control substance use
  3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the
    substance, Use the substance or recover from its effects
  4. Craving, or strong desire or urge to use the substance
48
Q

The 5th, 6th, and 7th symptoms of DSM-5 SUD criteria, merged into group two, known as the “Social Impairment” group over substance use, include

A
  1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfil major role obligations at work, school, or home
  2. Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or
    interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance
  3. Important social, occupational or recreational activities are given up or
    reduced because of use
49
Q

The 8th and 9th symptoms of DSM-5 SUD criteria, merged into group three, known as the “Risky Use” group over substance control, include

A
  1. Recurrent use in situations in which is it physically dangerous
  2. Use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or
    recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused
    or exacerbated by the substance
50
Q

The 10th and 11th symptoms of DSM-5 SUD criteria, merged into group four, known as the “Pharmacological Criteria” group over substance control, include

A
  1. Tolerance – defined as either or both of the following:
    * A need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve intoxication or
    desired effect
    * A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of
    substance
  2. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
    * The characteristic withdrawal symptoms of the substance (due to removal of substance)
    * The substance – or a closely related substance – taken to relieve or avoid
    withdrawal symptoms
51
Q

How many symptoms are in the DSM-5 Criteria for a SUD, and what is the minimum needed to classify as having one?

A

11

Minimum 2 in the last year

52
Q

Despite there being 11 symptoms criteria in the DSM-5, some drawbacks that undermine their objectvitiy are

A

. Some minor variations in symptoms across different substances:
* Some symptoms are less salient- for some substances
* Some symptoms do not apply to some substances (i.e., withdrawal
symptoms are not specified for inhalant use disorders)

53
Q

What is a psychological disorder / dysfunction ? (Not SUD)

A

A “psychological dysfunction” within an individual that is associated with 1. distress or 2. impairment in functioning & a response that is not typical or culturally expected

54
Q

If someone has the minimum of two DSM-5 Criteria symptoms but is without significant distress or impairment in function, they likely ____________

A

do not qualify for a disorder

55
Q

EVEN INCLUDING THE MINIMUM 2 DSM-5 Substance Use Disorder Criteria Symptoms involved in the individual diagnosis, All 3 elements have to be present to OFFICIALLY DIAGNOSE AN INDIVIDUAL ___, _____, & _______

A

(distress, impairment, and 2 symptoms in last year)

56
Q

What does being “atypical or not culturally expected” represent when discussing the definition of a “psychological disorder”.

A
  • Atypical behaviour which violates social norms in a culture
  • Important to consider cultural differences in psychological disorders
57
Q

The idea that “Addiction is an interconnected process involving the integration & interplay between various different factors”

A

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO ADDICTION

58
Q

In the BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO ADDICTION, “Biopsychosocial” represents which factors

A

**Individual factors -> personal vulnerability factors
- Biological or genetic predispositions
- Psychological factors (i.e.,personality, unconscious motivations, _attitudes, beliefs, etc.)
&
Situational factors -> social environment (i.e., CULTURE, FAMILY , friends, etc.)
&
Structural factors -> nature of the substance or addictive behaviour

hence biopyschosocial

PSY 215 (Addictions) (4 decks)

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