Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psy 254: Brain, Mind, & Experience > Chap 4: Neural Conduction & Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Chap 4: Neural Conduction & Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
0
Q

Microelectrodes

A

Their tips are less than 1000th of a millimeter in a diameter much too small to be see by the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

When both electrode tips are in the extracellular fluid, the voltage difference between them is zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Resting potential

A

In its resting state with the -70 mV charge built up across its membrane a neuron is said to be polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ionic basis of the resting potential

A

Like all salts in solution the salts in neural tissue separate into positively and negatively charged particles called ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Concentration gradients

A

That is, they are more likely to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration than vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

Any accumulation of charges, positive or negative in one area tends to be dispersed by the repulsion among the like charges in the vicinity and the attraction of opposite charges concentrated elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Which diffuse across the synaptic clefts and interact with specialized receptor molecules on the receptive membranes of the next neurons in the circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Depolarize

A

The receptive membrane (decrease the resting membrane potential, from -70 to -66 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

Increase the resting membrane potential from -70 to -72 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs)

A

Known as post synaptic depolarization, they increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

A

Known as postsynaptic hyperpolarization, they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Graded responses

A

The amplitudes of EPSPs & IPSPs are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Axon hillock

A

The conical structure at the junction between the cell body and the axon, but they are actually generated in the adjacent section of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Threshold excitation

A

If the sum of the depolarizations and hyperpolarizations reaching the section of the axon adjacent to the axon hillock at any time is sufficient to the dispel arise the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Action potential (AP)

A

Is massive but momentary lasting for 1 millisecond reversal of the membrane the potential from about -70 to +50 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Integration

A

Adding or combing a number of individual signals into one overall signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Temporal summation

A

Shows how post synaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same synapse sum to form a greater signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Voltage activated ion channels

A

Ion channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Refractory periods

A

Th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Refractory periods

A

There is a brief period of about 1 to 2 milliseconds after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit a second one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Relative refractory period

A

The period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again, but only by applying higher than normal levels of stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antidromic conduction

A

When electrical stimulation of sufficient intensity is applied to the terminal end of an axon, an action potential will be generated and will travel along the axon back to the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Orthodromic conduction

A

Axonal conduction in the natural direction from cell body to terminal buttons

24
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

The gaps between adjacent myelin segments

25
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

It’s the transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons

26
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites
Also common are axosomatic synapses-synapses of axon terminal buttons on somas (cell bodies)

27
Q

Directed synapses

A

Supynapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity

28
Q

Nondirected synapses

A

Are synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception

29
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Are short amino acid chains comprising between 3 and 36 amino acids, in effect they are short proteins

30
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small molecule neurotransmitter are typically synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal button

31
Q

Coexistence

A

When neurons contain two neurotransmitter

32
Q

Exocyctosis

A

The process of neurotransmitter release
When a neuron is at rest, synaptic vesicles that contain small molecule neurotransmitters tend to congregate near sections of the presynaptic membrane that are particularly rich in voltage activated calcium channels

33
Q

Receptors

A

Is a protein that contains binding sites for only particular neurotransmitters and it can influence only those cells that have receptors for it

34
Q

Ligand

A

Any molecule that binds to another

35
Q

Receptor subtypes

A

The different types of receptors to which a particular neurotransmitter can bind

36
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Are those receptors that are associated with ligand activated ion channels

37
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Are those receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins

38
Q

Second messenger

A

The subunit may move along the inside surface of the membrane and bind to a nearby ion channel thereby inducing an EPSP or IPSP or it may trigger the synthesis of a chemical

39
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Are metabotropic receptors that have two unconventional characteristics

40
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

Reuptake is the more common of the two deactivating mechanisms
The majority of neurotransmitter once released are drawn back into the presynaptic

41
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

One of the few neurotransmitters for which enzymatic degradation is the main mechanism of synaptic deactivation

42
Q

Gap junction

A

Are narrow spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels called connexins that contain cytoplasm

43
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and gamma aminobutyric acid GABA

44
Q

The three classes of conventional neurotransmitter

A

The amino acids, the monoamines, and the acetylcholine

45
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Is a small molecule neurotransmitter that is in one major respect like a professor who is late for a lecture

46
Q

Soluble gas neurotransmitter

A

Includes nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, these neurotransmitters are produced in the neural cytoplasm and immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and then into nearby cells

47
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Are neurotransmitters that are similar to delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol

48
Q

Pituitary peptides

A

Contains neuropeptides that were first identified as hormones released by the pituitary

49
Q

Hypothalamic peptides

A

Contains neuropeptides that were first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus

50
Q

Brain gut peptides

A

Contains neuropeptides that were first discovered in the gut

51
Q

Opioid peptides

A

Contains neuropeptides that are similar in structure to the active ingredients of opium

52
Q

Miscellaneous peptides

A

Is a catch all category that contains all of the neuropeptide transmitters that do not fit into one of the other four categories

53
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that facilitate e effects of a particular neurotransmitter

54
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

55
Q

Receptor blockers

A

Bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and in so doing block the access of the usual neurotransmitter

56
Q

Atropine

A

Which is the main active ingredient of belladonna is a receptor blocker that exerts its antagonist effect by binding to muscarinic receptors

57
Q

Botox

A

A neurotoxin released by a bacterium often found in spoiled food, is another nicotine antagonist

58
Q

Endogenous

A

Occurring naturally within the body opioids have been discovered
Enkephalins means in the head
Endorphins which is a contraction of endogenous morphine

Psy 254: Brain, Mind, & Experience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions