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Phy > Chap 4 - kinetic particle model of matter, thermal expansion, boiling and evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation and their consequences > Flashcards

Chap 4 - kinetic particle model of matter, thermal expansion, boiling and evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation and their consequences Flashcards

1
Q

process of solid to liquid

A

melting

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2
Q

process of liquid to gas

A

boiling/ evaporation

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3
Q

process of gas to liquid

A

condensation

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4
Q

process of liquid to solid

A

freezing

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5
Q

process of solid to gas

A

sublimation

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6
Q

process of gas to solid

A

deposition

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7
Q

particle arrangement and motion in solid

A

-lattice structure with closely and motion in packed and motion in particles that vibrate in fixed positions

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8
Q

particle arrangement and motion in liquids

A

-irregular order of particles that move around each other randomly

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9
Q

particle arrangement and motion in gas

A

-irregular order of particles that move around freely and randomly in all directions.

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10
Q

compressible- solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- no
liquid- no
gas- yes

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11
Q

space between particles in solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- no
liquid- yes, little
gas- yes lots

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12
Q

change in substance volume

A

solid- no
liquid- no
gas- yes

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13
Q

particle energy in solids, liquids, gas

A

solid- least
liquid- intermediate
gas- most

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14
Q

what happens to a heat curve on a graph

A

-temperature stays constant when changing state till all particles are same state.

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15
Q

intermolecular forces in solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- strong
liquid- weak
gas- negligible

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16
Q

define heat

A

amount of thermal energy

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17
Q

define temperature

A

average kinetic energy of particles

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18
Q

define Brownian’s motion

A

zig- zag motion of particles when suspended in fluid as a result of collision of particles in fluid.

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19
Q

2 example of Brownian’s motion

A

-smoke particles
-pollen grain

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20
Q

what is the relationship between the intermolecular forces and temperature of particles

A

decreases intermolecular forces, increase temperature

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21
Q

what is pressure in container

A

force of particles colliding on the wall of the container

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22
Q

where is pressure same in

A

all directions

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23
Q

what is the relationship between temperature and pressure

A

increase temperature, increase pressure

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24
Q

what is the relationship between volume and pressure

A

increase volume, decrease pressure

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25
Q

what is the relationship between volume, temperature and pressure

A
  • increase volume, increase temperature, constant pressure
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26
Q

formula of pressure in liquids

A

P = hpg
pressure = height x density x gravitational field strength

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27
Q

formula of pressure in solids

A

P = F/ A
Pressure = force/ area

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28
Q

define expansion

A

particles gain thermal energy which is converted into kinetic energy to intermolecular forces and move apart

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29
Q

most to least expansion in matter

A

-gas
-liquid
-solids

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30
Q

expansion and contraction in power lines

A

-causes slack E
-snaps C

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31
Q

expansion and contraction in thermometer

A

-increase KE, increase volume, liquid rises E
-decrease KE, decrease volume, liquid falls C

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32
Q

expansion and contraction in bridges

A

-rollers help to fill small gap E
-rollers pull back C

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33
Q

expansion and contraction in railway

A

-get wonky E
-break C

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34
Q

define absolute 0

A

-when particles have no kinetic energy = no movement
-measured in kelvin

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35
Q

expansion and contraction in hot air balloon

A

-get bigger and rises E
-get smaller and falls

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36
Q

expansion and contraction in thermostat

A

-metal bends and breaks circuit when too hot E
-metal goes back to original position and completes circuit C

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37
Q

why does metal bar expand when heated

A

kinetic energy overcomes intermolecular forces

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38
Q

what is 0 K in celcius

A

0k = -273 C

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39
Q

why do metal bars expand when heated

A

KE overcomes intermolecular forces so particles can move apart

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40
Q

why do cables hang with slack

A

they don’t snap when contracting

41
Q

Why don’t you reinforce concrete with Al rods

A

Al will expand and breaks concrete

42
Q

why do bimetallic strips bend with heated

A

-one of the metals expands more and pushes the other one so both metal strips bend

43
Q

why does water expand when freezing

A

-no KE to overcome Hydrogen bonds so it goes back to its regular structure

44
Q

why is mercery used in thermometers

A

-expands easily
-volume increases with expansion

45
Q

what are used in thermometers

A

-ethanol with red dye
-mercury

46
Q

which direction is the transfer of heat and when does it stop

A

hot to cold until both temperatures are equal

47
Q

why are metal good conductors of heat

A

-particles collide to transfer energy
-mobile electrons can carry energy through the structure

48
Q

what do good conductors of heat do

A

-gain and lose heat easily

49
Q

when does boiling/ evaporation happen

A

boiling- fixed temperature
evaporation- any temperature

50
Q

how fast is the process of boiling/ evaporation

A

boiling- quick process
evaporation- long process

51
Q

where in the liquid does boiling/ evaporation happen

A

boiling- throughout liquid
evaporation- at surface of liquid

52
Q

are bubbles formed in boiling/ evaporation

A

boiling- yes
evaporation- no

53
Q

how does the temperature in boiling/ evaporation remain

A

boiling- constant
evaporation- may change

54
Q

how is energy supplied in boiling/ evaporation

A

boiling- heat source
evaporation- environment

55
Q

what does evaporation cause and how

A

-cooling
-evaporated particles carry energy so the body loses energy and feels colder

56
Q

what is cold

A

absence of heat

57
Q

4 factors of evaporation

A

-temperature
-humidity
-surface area
-wind speed

58
Q

what is humidity

A

amount of water vapour in air

59
Q

what is the relationship between humidity and evaporation

A

increase humidity, decrease evaporation

60
Q

3 examples of cooling through evaporation

A

-coming out of hot shower
-washing face
-drying clothes

61
Q

3 energy transfers

A

-conduction
-convection
-radiation

62
Q

define conduction

A

transfer of energy through collision of particles

63
Q

describe conduction is solids

A

particles vibrate and collide with each other to transfer energy

64
Q

describe conduction in gas

A

particles collide with each other to transfer energy

65
Q

describe conduction in liquids

A

particles collide with each other to transfer energy

66
Q

best to worst state of matter for conduction and why

A

-solid- closely packed together
-liquid
-gas- particles are far apart

67
Q

define insulators

A

poor conductors of heat eg. air, wood, plastic

68
Q

define convection

A

transfer of energy in fluids by creating a convection current where less dense hot particles rises and more dense colder particles sinks

69
Q

which states of matter are fluids

A

liquids and gas

70
Q

why is convection only in fluids

A

they have to to free to move and set up a convection current

71
Q

which is the best state of matter in convection and why

A

-liquids- particles are close to each other

72
Q

what must you do when drawing a convection current

A

draw 2 arrows to show the convection current

73
Q

what does the sea have more than the land

A

a larger thermal capicity

74
Q

what is an onshore breeze

A

-at day
-land loses heat, convection current, breeze to the land

75
Q

what is an offshore breeze

A

-at night
-water loses heat, convection current, breeze to water

76
Q

why is wood a good insulator

A

there is poor transfer of energy between particles

77
Q

why is it safer to touch hot stuff with a dry cloth than a wet cloth

A

-wet cloth has solids and liquids so it transfer heat through conduction and convection
-dry cloth has only solid so it only transfers heat through conduction

78
Q

why is a drought felt near a bon fire

A

the air from convection current comes past

79
Q

why cant a fridge cool the food if it is tightly packed together

A

no air particles to do conduction or convection

80
Q

define radiation

A

transfer of energy by a wave

81
Q

where does radiation occur

A

solid, liquids, gas, vacuum

82
Q

what does a wave contain

A

-visible light
-inferred light

83
Q

what can be done to a wave

A

reflected, absorbed, transmitted, emitted

84
Q

define emission

A

wave is given out

85
Q

define transmission

A

traveling through a medium

86
Q

what is transmission same in

A

same materials

87
Q

rank best to worst reflectors

A

-shiny silver
-white
-glossy back
-matt black

88
Q

rank best to worst emitters

A

-matt black
-glossy black
-white
-shiny sliver

89
Q

rank best to worst absorbers

A

-matt black
-glossy black
-white
-shiny sliver

90
Q

which state of matter is radiation best in

A

-gas- particles are far apart so there are less collisions for the wave and it can travel easily

91
Q

5 ways to reduce heat loss from house

A

-double glazed windows
-wooden door with foam strips
-wool under roof
-carpet on floor
-curtain on walls

92
Q

2 main greenhouse gases

A

-methane
-carbon dioxide

93
Q

biggest contributors to the production of greenhouse gases

A

-methane - cows and sheep’s burps, decomposition
-carbon dioxide - respiration, combustion of fossil fuels

94
Q

define global warming

A

-average temperature of the earth increasing

95
Q

define climate change

A

-long term changes of climate

96
Q

define the greenhouse effect

A

the earth’s atmosphere traps heat

97
Q

4 examples of climate change

A

-(unpredictable weather patterns)
-floods
-hurricanes
-forest fires
-soil erosion

98
Q

why is vacuum flask a good product

A

-cork stopper: insulator to prevent conduction from the top
-insulated support: insulator to prevent conduction from the bottom
-vacuum: prevents conduction and radiation- only radiation comes through
-shiny silver layer inside: good reflector of radiation

99
Q

how does the shiny silver layer in the vacuum flask work

A

-heat moves from hot to cold
-good reflector of radiation from outside for cold water
-good reflector of radiation from inside for hot water

Phy (11 decks)

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