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GIS > Chap 4 > Flashcards

Chap 4 Flashcards

1
Q

coordinate pair

A

a single pair of x and y values indicating position in a planar coordinate system

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2
Q

coordinate space

A

the range of x and y values onto which maps are plotted

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3
Q

coordinate space

A

the range of x and y values onto which maps are plotted

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4
Q

origin

A

the (0,0) point of a coordinate system

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5
Q

origin

A

the (0,0) point of a coordinate system

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6
Q

map units

A

the units of the coordinate system in which a map is stored or displayed

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7
Q

extent

A

the range of x-y coordinates displayed in a map or stored in a data layer

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8
Q

coordinate system (2)

A

1) a specified range of x-y values onto which a map is plotted
2) the definition of a coordinate space used by a map layer, including the ellipsoid, datum, and projection

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9
Q

what does GPS stand for?

A

global positioning system

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10
Q

what does UTM stand for?

A

universal transverse mercator

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11
Q

degrees

A

the measurement units used in the spherical coordinate system; a circle has 360 degrees

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12
Q

longitude

A

a spherical unit measuring angular distance east or west from the Prime Meridian

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13
Q

Prime Meridian

A

the line of zero longitude on the earth, passing through Greenwich, England

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14
Q

latitude

A

a spherical unit measuring angular distance north or south from the equator

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15
Q

latitude

A

a spherical unit measuring angular distance north or south from the equator

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16
Q

geographic coordinate system (GCS)

A

a spherical coordinate system of degrees of latitude and longitude that is used to locate features on the earth’s surface

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17
Q

datum

A

a combination of an earth ellipsoid and a reference point to reduce mapping discrepancies

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18
Q

spheroid of ellipsoid

A

a spheroidal volume with unequal axes, used to approximate the shape of the earth in map projections

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19
Q

geoid

A

the shape of the earth as defined by mean sea level and affected by topographic and gravitational factors

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20
Q

transformation

A

conversion of one geographic coordinate system (GCS) and datum to another

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21
Q

projection

A

a mathematical transformation that converts spherical units of latitude and longitude to a planar x-y coordinate system

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22
Q

cylindrical projection

A

a map projection derived by projecting spherical latitude-longitude values onto a cylinder wrapped about a sphere

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23
Q

transverse projection

A

a map projection in which spherical coordinates are converted to locations on a cylinder or cone tangent to the sphere along a line of longitude

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24
Q

oblique projection

A

a map projection in which location on a sphere are projected to a cylinder or cone of paper at an arbitrary angle

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25
Q

conic projection

A

a map projection derived by projecting latitude-longitude values on a paper cone covering a sphere

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26
Q

tangent projection

A

a map projection in which spherical coordinates are projected upon a surface that lies tangent to the sphere along one line of latitude

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27
Q

standard parallel

A

parameter of a map projection indicating the latitude(s) at which the projection surface lies tangent or secant to the sphere

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28
Q

secant projection

A

a map projection in which spherical coordinates are projected onto a surface that intersects the sphere along two great circles

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29
Q

azimuthal projection

A

a map projection onto a flat plane that is tangent or secant to the earth’s surface

30
Q

stereographic projection

A

a map projection in which locations on a sphere are projected onto a planar surface

31
Q

orthographic projections

A

a map projection in which locations on a sphere are projected onto a planar surface

32
Q

what are the 4 properties of map features may be distorted in a projection?

A

area
distance
shape
direction

33
Q

parameters (2)

A

1) a specific value associated with map projections that define how the map appears
2) a variable that serves as an input to a model

34
Q

central meridian

A

the central longitude of a map projection for which the x coordinate equals zero

35
Q

latitude of origin (reference latitude)

A

the reference latitude of a map projection where the y value is zero

36
Q

false northing

A

an arbitrary y-coordinate translation applied to a map projection, usually to ensure that all values are positive

37
Q

false easting

A

an arbitrary x-coordinate translation applied to a map projection, usually to ensure that all values are positive

38
Q

universal transverse mercator (UTM)

A

a family of map projections defined for 60 zones around the world and based on a transverse cylindrical projection

39
Q

state plane coordinate system (SPCS)

A

a group of projections defined for different regions of the united states and designed to minimize map distortions

40
Q

display units

A

the units in which the current x-y location of the cursor on the map is reported

41
Q

spatial reference

A

the complete description of how the spatial data are stored for a feature class that includes the coordinate system, the X/Y Domain, and the precision

42
Q

X/Y Domain

A

the maximum allowable range of values stored by a feature class

43
Q

X/Y Domain

A

the maximum allowable range of values stored by a feature class

44
Q

resolution (2)

A

1) the ground area represented by one cell value in a raster
2) the default storage precision of a vector data set

45
Q

extent

A

the range of x-y coordinates displayed in a map or stored in a data layer

46
Q

project tool

A

a tool that converts a feature class from one coordinate system to another

47
Q

define projection tool

A

a tool to guide the user through the task of assigning a coordinate system to a spatial data layer

48
Q

1- conic
2- azimuthal
3- transverse cylindrical
4- cylindrical

a- short tunnel
b- upright can of soda
c- table top
d- Harry Potter’s hat

A

1- d
2- c
3- a
4- b

49
Q

1- north america equal area conic
2- UTM Zone 12
3- State Plane
4- USA equidistant conic

a- Calculating driving times between cities in the United States
b- Comparing areas of deer habitat in different regions of the US, Canada, and Mexico
c-Analyzing areas of land cover types in the N-S running Rocky Mountains of the United States
d- Constructing a database of South Carolina counties

A

1- b
2- c
3- d
4- a

50
Q

How many of the following are acceptable ways to convert a data set to a new coordinate system (CS)?
Choose all that apply.

a- Use the Environment settings to set the output CS.
b- Change the CS in the data set properties in Catalog pane.
c- Export the features from ArcGIS Pro using the map CS.
d- Change the CS in the metadata.
e- Use the Define Projection tool to set the CS.
f- Use the Project tool to create a new data set in a different CS.

A

a- use the environment settings to set the output CS
c- export the features from ArcGIS Pro using the map CS
f- use the Project tool to create a new data set in a different CS

51
Q

In which of the following maps will a scale bar not correctly represent the distances for the entire map?

a- a Mercator projection map of the United States
b- a UTM Zone 13 projection map of Cheyenne, Wyoming
c- a State Plane projection map of Vermont
d- a Conic Equidistant projection map of the United States

A

a- a Mercator projection map of the United States

52
Q

In which of the following maps should you use a map grid showing lat-lon lines rather than a north arrow?

a- a UTM Zone 13 projection map of the Black Hills
b- a Lambert Conformal Conic projection of the United States
c- a Mercator cylindrical map projection of the United States
d- a Colorado State Plane projection showing Denver

A

b- a Lambert Conformal Conic projection of the United States

53
Q

If you are creating a map of the United States comparing the areas of different weather systems, the best projection to use would be _____________.

a- a geographic coordinate system
b- a conic projection
c- a cylindrical projection
d- a State Plane coordinate system
e- a UTM coordinate system

A

b- a conic projection

54
Q

Why is it poor practice to create a map layout showing unprojected data (i.e., data in a geographic coordinate system)?

a- East-west distances and shapes are severely distorted at higher latitudes.
b- Unprojected data are in degrees, making it difficult to measure distance.
c- Unprojected data may come in several different datums.
d- Geographic coordinate systems have fewer symbols available for use.

A

a- East-west distances and shapes are severely distorted at higher latitudes

55
Q

definition of the term “ellipsoid”

a- the shape of the earth defined gravitationally by mean sea level
b- a spheroidal volume with unequal axes, used to approximate the earth’s shape
c- a spherical coordinate system of degrees of latitude and longitude
d- an approximation of the shape of the earth, includes a spheroid and translation

A

b- a spheroidal volume with unequal axes, used to approximate the earth’s shape

56
Q

definition of the term “standard parallel”

a- the latitude of a map projection where the y value is zero
b- the central longitude of a map projection for which the x coordinate equals zero
c- an arbitrary y-coordinate translation applied to a map projection
d- a latitude at which the projection surface lies tangent or secant to the sphere

A

d- a latitude at which the projection surface lies tangent or secant to the sphere

57
Q

definition of the term “secant”

a- a map projection with two standard parallels
b- the latitude of a map projection where the y value is zero
c- the central longitude of a map projection for which the x coordinate equals zero
d- a map projection with one standard parallel

A

a- a map projection with two standard parallels

58
Q

definition of the term “degrees”

a- the measurement units of a conic coordinate system
b- the measurement units of an azimuthal coordinate system
c- the measurement units used in a geographic coordinate system
d- the measurement units of a cylindrical coordinate system

A

c- the measurement units used in a geographic coordinate system

59
Q

definition of the term “geoid”

a- a spheroidal volume with unequal axes, used to approximate the earth’s shape
b- a spherical coordinate system of degrees of latitude and longitude
c- an approximation of the shape of the earth, includes a spheroid and translation
d- the shape of the earth defined gravitationally by mean sea level

A

d- the shape of the earth defined gravitationally by mean sea level

60
Q

definition of the term “latitude of origin”

a- the latitude of a map projection where the y value is zero
b- the latitude(s) at which the projection surface lies tangent or secant to the spheroid
c- the line of zero latitude on the earth, passing through Greenwich, England
d- the central latitude of a map projection for which the x coordinate equals zero

A

a- the latitude of a map projection where the y value is zero

61
Q

Degrees of latitude and longitude measure…

a- angles from the center of an ellipsoid.
b- distances in the y-direction.
c- distances in both x- and y-directions.
d- distances in the x-direction.

A

a- angles from the center of an ellipsoid

62
Q

The distance represented by a degree at the equator is approximately

a- 20 miles
b- 50 kilometers
c- 110 kilometers
d- 200 miles

A

c- 110 kilometers

63
Q

The correct term for converting from one datum to another is

a- projection
b- georeferencing
c- resampling
d- transformation

A

d- transformation

64
Q

The box that shows the current x-y values of the cursor location in ArcGIS Pro shows them in which units?

a- Display units set by the user in the map properties
b- Always in the map units of the map view
c- Always in degrees-minutes-seconds
d- Always in the units stored in the data set

A

a- Display units set by the user in the map properties

65
Q

The box that shows the current x-y values of the cursor location in ArcGIS Pro shows them in which units?

a- Display units set by the user in the map properties
b- Always in the map units of the map view
c- Always in degrees-minutes-seconds
d- Always in the units stored in the data set

A

a- Display units set by the user in the map properties

66
Q

Because it is usually a good idea to know when layers in a map have different datums, ____________.

a- Pro always warns the user when this situation occurs.
b- the user may set Pro to issue a warning when this situation occurs.
c- Pro will not add the data to the map until the situation is corrected.
d- Pro will not allow data with different datums to be stored in the home geodatabase.

A

b- the user may set Pro to issue a warning when this situation occurs

67
Q

When two layers with different coordinate systems are intersected (such as State Plane and UTM), by default the output layer coordinate system will be ______________.

a- always in GCS
b- nothing—it can’t overlay when two CS are present in the inputs
c- the same CS as the map
d- the same as the first layer input to the Intersect tool
e- always in UTM

A

d- the same as the first layer input to the Intersect tool

68
Q

On the fly projection in ArcGIS Pro means that ____________.

a- data sets may be stored in different coordinate systems yet displayed together
b- all data sets are converted to UTM for display in a map view
c- data sets may be displayed using many different symbols and colors
d- maps may be shown on the computer screen or on a classroom screen
e- data from different satellite sensors must be converted before display

A

a- data sets may be stored in different coordinate systems yet displayed together

69
Q

If you have a roads shapefile with a UTM coordinate system and a rivers shapefile with a GCS, the WRONG way to try to display them together in UTM is ____________.

a- change the CS of the rivers shapefile to UTM using the Define Projection tool
b- project the rivers shapefile to UTM using the Project tool
c- set the map coordinate system to UTM in ArcGIS Pro
d- all of these methods will work

A

a- change the CS of the rivers shapefile to UTM using the Define Projection tool

70
Q

Which ONE of the following statements is true?

a- A positive false easting shifts a map to the right of the origin.
b- A negative false easting shifts a map down from the origin.
c- A negative false northing shifts a map left of the origin.
d- A positive false northing shifts a map right of the origin.

A

a- A positive false easting shifts a map to the right of the origin

71
Q

Mercator is an example of a(n) ______________ projection.

a- equal-area
b- secant conic
c- cylindrical
d- azimuthal
e- tangent conic

A

c- cylindrical

72
Q

A secant conic projection has ______________.

a- one standard parallel
b- two central meridians
c- two standard parallels
d- a Prime Meridian
e- None of these responses is correct

A

c- two standard parellels

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