Chap 2 Flashcards
CMYK
a method of specifying color using mixtures of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black; primarily used in printing and publishing
RGB
a method of specifying color using mixtures of red, green, and blue on scales of 0 to 255 each
HSV
a method of specifying color based on hue saturation, or value
Hue
the shade of a color, such as red, green, or blue, measured on a 0 to 360 scale
Saturation
the intensity of a color measured on a scale of 0 to 100
Value
the darkness or lightness of a color on a scale of 0 to 100
alpha
a color parameter that defines the opacity or transparency of a color
divergent color set
a set of colors with a neutral middle value that grades to increasingly saturated colors of different hues above and below
convention
a symbol for mapping that is commonly chosen and understood to have particular meaning
connotation
a typical emotional reaction elicited by certain colors or symbols
nominal data
values that name or identify an objet, such as a street name
categorical data
data that place objects into unranked groups; examples are land use and geology data
unique values map
a map in which each attribute value is assigned its own symbol
ordinal data
data values that indicate a rank or ordering system
quantitative data
data represent phenomena that fall along a regularly spaced measurement scale, such as distance or rainfall
ratio data
data having a regular scale of measurement and a natural zero point, such as precipitation or population
interval data
values that follow a regular scale but have no natural zero point, such as degrees Celsius or pH
graduated symbol map
a map that divides numeric data from a line or point feature class into classes based on value and displays the classes with different size or thickness of symbols
proportional symbol map
a map that displays attribute values with marker or line symbols that are proportional in size relative to the value of the feature
graduated color map
a map that divides numeric data from a polygon feature class into classes based on value and displays the classes with different colors
choropleth map
a map in which each feature, such as a state, is colored according to the values in a data field
aggregate
to combine measurements from one set of spatial units to a larger unit using regular or hierarchical scheme, such as adding county populations to determine the state populations
modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP)
statistical and visual issues caused by aggregating measured data using arbitrary areal units such as political boundaries
normalize
to divide the values of an attribute field by the total of the field or by the values in another field
dot density map
a map representing attribute values by a proportional number of randomly placed dots
chart map
a map showing several different attributes in chart form, with one chart for each feature
bivariate choropleth map
a graduated colors map that compares the spatial patterns of two different numeric attributes by mixing two ranges of colors together
thematic raster
a raster that contains categorical or nominal data values, such as land use codes or soil types
continuous
data that take on a variety of values and that change rapidly across a data set, such as elevation
discrete
described data that represent distinct spatial objects such as wells, roads, or counties
classified
a raster display method that divides values into two or more groups based on their numeric values
stretched
a display method that spreads the data values over the entire range of symbols available; see also stretch
slice
to divide the values in a raster into a specified number of even classes
Tobler’s law
measurements taken at locations close together are more likely to be similar than measures taken at locations further apart
image
a raster data layer, usually referring to a taster that displays brightness values, as in a photograph
RGB composite
an image displayed by assigning one band of brightness information to each red, green, and blue color gun in a display monitor
histogram
a graph showing the number of values from a data set that occur in evenly spaced ranges known as bins
colormap
a set of defined colors matched to specific image pixel values, which determines how the image will appear
classification
assigning features to two or more groups based on numeric values in an attribute field
Jenks method
a way to classify numeric data into ranges defined by naturally occurring gaps in the data histogram
equal interval
a classification method in which the user specifies a number of classes that have equal size ranges
defined interval
a classification method in which the user specifies a size range for all the classes
quantile
a classification method that divides the data into the specified number of quantiles so that each class has the same number of features
geometric interval
a classification method that bases the class intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a constant coefficient to produce the next higher class
standard deviation
a classification scheme in which the class breaks are based on the standard deviation values of the data being mapped
layer
a reference to a feature class and its associated properties
source data (2)
1) a spatial data file that provides the features for a map layer
2) the original information used to develop a spatial data set
layer properties
settings that control how a data set is to be displayed or viewed
layer file
a file that stores a pointer to spatial data along with information on how to display it
style
a collection of map symbols and colors that are stored together and used together
How does a map layer differ from its source data?
a-It stores only the data location and its display properties, not the actual features.
b-It refers only to spatial features and not to the attribute values.
c-It refers only to data stored in the home geodatabase, not data outside the project.
d-If refers only to local data, not data accessed through an Internet portal.
a- it stores only the data location and its display properties, not the actual features
In a(n) _____________ classification, the user defines the number of classes and the software determines a single range width for all classes.
a- quantile
b- defined interval
c- equal interval
d- standard deviation
e- Jenks
c- equal interval
The ____________ classification is especially useful for strongly skewed map values.
a- defined interval
b- equal interval
c- standard deviation
d- geometric interval
e- quantile
d- geometric interval
To create a map showing median rent with evenly spaced classes $100 apart, you would use the _____________ classification.
a- standard deviation
b- equal interval
c- Jenks Natural Breaks
d- quantile
e- defined interval
e- defined interval
A map based on categorical data is by its nature unaffected by MAUP issues.
a- True, because categorical data can’t be normalized.
b- True, because aggregation only affects quantities data.
c- False, because categories can still be affected by the visual MAUP issue.
d- False, because categories are portrayed by hues instead of values.
c- False, because categories can still be affected by the visual MAUP issue
MAUP issues are usually addressed in a map by
a-normalizing the feature value by the feature area
b- using a divergent rather than a monochromatic color scheme
c- changing the scale of the map
d- changing the classification method
a- normalizing the feature value by the feature area
A soil classification (sandy, loamy, silty, etc.) would be considered to be ______________ data.
a- ordinal
b- categorical
c- interval
d- ratio
b- categorical
A map of land use in Boston could be best portrayed using the ____________ map type.
a- dot density
b- graduated color
c- graduated symbol
d- unique values
e- chart
d- unique values
Which one of these map types should NOT be used for a map of county populations?
a- graduated color
b- graduated symbol
c- unique values
d- chart
e- proportional symbol
c- unique values
Normalizing data in a graduated color map means that you
a- divide each mapped value by the total of all values in the field
b- divide each mapped value by the value in a different field
c- either of these responses
d- neither of these responses
c- either of these responses
If the following information is being displayed on a map, for which one is MAUP most likely to be an issue?
a- earthquake magnitudes
b- county alcohol sales
c- river flow volumes
d-soil type
b- county alcohol sales
The number of bushels of wheat per county would be considered to be _____________ data.
a- categorical
b- ratio
c- interval
d- ordinal
b- ratio
definition of the term “RGB composite”.
method used to display three raster bands simultaneously
definition of the term “aggregation”.
to sum measurements within pre-defined boundaries
definition of the term “stretched”.
method to enhance image display across the entire range of available symbols
definition of the term “interval data”.
data values measured on a regular scale but without a natural zero
definition of the term “geometric interval”.
a classification that multiplies each class range by a constant coefficient
definition of the term “chart map”.
a map that shows a small graph from several fields instead of a symbol from one field
definition of the term “dot density” map.
a map that places random points in polygons using a given proportion
Tobler’s Law states that _________.
a- unclassed maps are more objective than classed maps
b- hue should be used to represent categories; saturation/value for quantities
c- arbitrary aggregation schemes may result in MAUP issues
d- nearby measurements tend to be more similar than values at greater distances
e- none of these responses describes Tobler’s Law
d- nearby measurements tend to be more similar than values at greater distances
Why is it usually okay to use more classes for continuous raster data than for polygon data?
a- because the raster values often have an underlying structure or trend
b- because rasters have more pixels than maps have polygons
c- because the raster classification method is more sophisticated
d- because rasters do not have boundaries
a- because the raster values often have an underlying structure or trend
Which one of the following would be considered a thematic raster?
a- a screenshot of a radar precipitation map
b- a raster of geologic rock units
c- a raster image from an aerial photograph
d- a raster image from a satellite
b- a raster of geologic rock units
Which one of the following map variables would be best represented by changes in symbol size?
a- winning political party of counties
b- differences in land cover class
c- status of a state-managed highway versus a county-managed highway
d-number of lanes of roads
d- number of lanes of roads
Which one of the following map variables would be best represented by changes in symbol size?
a- magnitudes of earthquakes
b- types of volcanos
c- classification of well categories
d- political party winners of congressional districts
a- magnitudes of earthquakes
The saturation vector in the HSV model can be described as
a- which color pigment is added to a can of white base paint.
b- how much color pigment is added to a can of white base paint.
c-how much black pigment is added to a can of base paint.
d-how full a can of base paint is.
b- how much color pigment is added to a can of white base paint
