Chap 3: Stats Flashcards
Elements of Descriptive Statistics (2)
(1) Central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
(2) Measures of Spread: Variance, SD
Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics
Inferential = tell us whether what we observe in our sample is representative of the underlying population
-> Is the difference we observed between the two groups dependable, or did we observe it by chance?
P-value def
Probability of obtaining a difference as big as the one observed when there actually is no difference
What are Basic Statistical Tests that Developmental Psychopathologists Use? (2)
(1) Differences between groups
T-tests (differences between two groups)
=> e.g. Treatment vs Control
ANOVA (more than two groups)
(2) Are continuous variables related to each other?
Correlations (H0: r=0); Regression (IV, DV; β); Multiple regression (Multiple IVs and one DV)
Multiple Regression and Overlap of variance
- Certain amount of variation that’s uniquely predicted by 1 variable (e.g. family SES)
- Certain amount of variation that’s JOINTLY explained by x1 and x2
Risk factors def
Increase the chance of a negative outcome (e.g. low SES)
Protective factors
Decrease the chance of a negative outcome (e.g. family social support)
Types of Protective Factors (4)
Protective
Protective-stabilizing
Protective-enhancing
Protective-reactive
Protective (normal) factor def
Higher well-being if risk is low/high
-> BUT wellbeing goes down equally — still negatively impacted by risk
=> Les deux lignes sont parallèles
Protective-stabilizing factor def
When it is present, NO MATTER HOW HIGH THE RISK IS, you still experience that positive outcome equally
=> Ligne droite vs Ligne qui descend
Protective-enhancing factor def
Uncommon; ‘Pressure makes diamond’
The more stress, the higher
=> Ligne baisse vs augmente
Protective-reactive factor
As risk goes up, the wellbeing goes down, BUT doesn’t go down as steeply
Prevent harmful outcome when risk is low; but as risk gets higher, protective factor’s effect begins to break down
=> Ça descend mais pas non plus en parallèle comme un protective factor normal
Main effect def
Association between IV and DV; Direct effect?
Interaction/MODERATION
The association between an IV and the DV depends on the value of the other IV
=> E.g. The association between conduct disorder and educational attainment varies as a function of SES
Mediator variables
Mediation ~ causal-ich mechanisms, reason why things are associated with another. Why are those two things related; what’s happening in-between that explains the relationship?
=> Direct and Indirect effect
Diff types of Mediation Models
Partial vs Full mediation
Partial mediation def
E.g. Discipline does NOT FULLY account for the indirect effect - still leftover effect of mom’s negative mood impacting child behavior problem.
Full mediation def
E.g. Discipline DOES fully account for the indirect effect
