Chap 2: Perspectives on Development and Psychopathology Flashcards

Question

Norepinephrine: Implicated role in Psychopathology

Answer 1

Not directly involved in specific disorders (acts generally to regulate or modulate behavioural tendencies).

Answer 2

Regulatory problems, such as eating and sleep disorders. OCD, Schizophrenia and mood disorders.

Answer 3

Benzodiazéphine

Answer 4

explaining the development of psychopathology -> Transactions must be considered - Emotions play a role in establishing an infants ability to adapt to new surroundings - Behavioral and cognitive processes assist a young child in making sense of the world

Answer 5

(1) Key elements of what it means to be human: guides our behavior/thinking pattern, can also tell us what to pay attention to/ignore-avoid (2) Help with internal monitoring: 'am i happy doing that?'; we use our emotions for guidance (3) Are central feature of infant activity and regulation => Young kids don't have complex cog abilities - weighting pros and cons (…) => Kids act a lot based on their emotions; use their emotions to guide what they're going (e.g. happy, mad, sad…)

Answer 6

Individual differences in the THRESHOLD and INTENSITY of emotional experience *Both important signals of normal and abnormal development with emotion regulation

Answer 7

Enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal *Both important signals of normal and abnormal development with emotion reactivity *High Self-regulation: Good formula for healthy, normal adjustment

Answer 8

Early biological-based foundation for personality -> Shapes individual's approach to their environment & vice versa

Answer 9

(1) Positive affect and approach behavior (SURGENCY). Precursor of extraversion? (2) Fearful or behaviorally inhibited (EFFORTFUL CONTROL): Strong emotional regulation, slow to warm up, cautious. (3) Negative affect or irritability (NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY).

Answer 10

(1) Present/behavior-focused, Conditioning, association between stimuli (2) Explains the behavior as a sequence of antecedents and consequences: Might not care about dev pathways/factors that lead you to where you are; Care about what are your behaviors, and are they adaptative (3) Controversly still use for ASD and developmental disabilities

Answer 11

How thought patterns develop over time and how they relate to behavioral strategies

Answer 12

How children think about themselves and others - Latent/observational learning - How do people learn from others? how do you learn from models? => You don't have to be engaged in a certain behavior to learn about that action

Answer 13

- Children copied the adult behavior - Boys were 3x more likely to copy behavior - Boys reproduced behavior TWICE as often if they observed a MAN do it (vs FEMALE actor) - Girls also influenced by same-sex models.

Answer 14

- All groups show SIMILAR responses - Child imitate behavior REGARDLESS of where they saw it

Answer 15

- Did NOT make much of a diff if model REINFORCED or not - However, if PUNISHED, displayed much LESS aggression later (esp for girls) - See others get REWARDED: NOT so much effect on copy behavior - See others get PUNISHED: effect on copy behavior (diminish)

Answer 16

(1) Learning takes place in a social setting (2) Learning can occur by OBSERVING behavior and its consequences (3) Learning can happen WITHOUT an observable change in behavior: Bc we may not display the behavior we learned (4) Reinforcement play a role but are not entirely responsible for learning (5) Cognition, behavior and environment all mutually influence each other: Reciprocal determinism

Answer 17

Process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant individuals => Between 6-12mo: very early -> Establishing these attachments rly help to internal working models (schema about close relationship that can be carried over w other relationships)

Answer 18

(1) Secure (sensitive parenting) (2) Resistant (inconsistent parenting) (3) Avoidant (rejecting, unrespondive parenting) (4) Disorganized/Disoriented (frightened parenting)

Answer 19

Secure = 60% Resistant = up to 10% Avoidant = up to 15% Disorganized = up to 15%

Answer 20

Secure = PROTECTIVE function against disordered outcomes Resistant = Phobias, anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms, depression Avoidant = Conduct disorders, aggressive behaviour, depressive symptoms Disorganized = No consensus, but generally a wide range of personality disorders

Answer 21

The family system -> The reciprocal influences among various family subsystems -> Subsystems receiving most attention involve roles of mother-child and the marital couple -> Most research = mothers. Less attention is given to roles of siblings and fathers.

Answer 22

other family members -> How the family deals with typical and atypical stress = crucial to a child’s adjustment and adaptation

Answer 23

(1) The nature and severity of stress (2) The level of family functioning PRIOR to the stress (3) The family’s coping skills and resources => Major family and individual issues interfere with consistent and predictable childcare and basic needs

Answer 24

Proximal = parents or an event close in time Distal = government systems or an event further removed

Answer 25

Shared environment influences: e.g. same school, same parents Non-shared environment influences: e.g. one in basketball, one in dance (…)

Answer 26

MICROSYSTEM: Family and friends that affect the child directly. MESOSYSTEM: Forces of the connections between the people around the child. EXOSYSTEM: Links between social settings that do NOT directly involve the child. MACROSYSTEM: Overarching culture - religion, social norms - that influences all other systems. CHRONOSYSTEM: Changes in the child and environment over time (e.g. divorce, COVID...)

Answer 27

Recognizes gene-environment interactions + role of heritability -> But gene themselves are over influence of the environment -> Process of heritability varies in a magnitude of potentials (depends of environment)

Answer 28

Some systems that are on the outside, actually have a DIRECT effect on the child (not by passing through other systems) -> E.g. Systemic racism, technology

Answer 29

- Conceptualizes development as product of BIOLOGICAL and ENVIRONMENT forces interacting within a COMPLEX system - Shows diff layers of things

Answer 30

(1) Systems perspectives may NEVER provide a coherent picture of development (“It depends”) => Bc there are so many diff factors, it can be hard to be prescriptive and make a DEFINITIVE answer on what things are having an impact at a certain time (2) Human development may be MORE PREDICTABLE than bioecological model implies

Answer 31

Weakness: Cultural aspects are relegated, only put in macrosystem => But we know that culture can have a direct impact on one's life => Reconceptualization of Bronfenbrenner with culture moved from macrosystem to a factor that PERMEATES all levels of the ecological system. (sort of snail)