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juvenile justice > chap 3-5 > Flashcards

chap 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Rational choice/ choice theory

A

Assumes that people have “free will” to choose their behavior

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2
Q

Delinquent motives include

A

Economic need/opportunity
Problem solving
False expectations
Opportunity

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3
Q

many youths from ____families choose to break the law

A

affluent

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4
Q

Routine Activities Theory 3 variables

A

The availability of suitable targets
The absence of capable guardians
The presence of motivated offenders

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5
Q

reducing delinquency points

A

Potential offenders are carefully guarded/monitored
The means to commit crime are controlled

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6
Q

Criminal atavism

A

Idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and psychologically similar to our primitive ancestors

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7
Q

Biosocial theory

A

association between biological makeup, environmental conditions, and antisocial behaviors

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8
Q

Neurological dysfunction

A

associated with antisocial behavior.
adhd, learning disabilities, arousal theory.

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9
Q

Genetic Influences

A

Assumes that:
Antisocial behavior is inherited
The genetic makeup of parent is passed on to children

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10
Q

Three psychological perspectives

A

Psychodynamic theory
Behavioral theory
Cognitive theory

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11
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes.
Originated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

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12
Q

Behavioral theory

A

Argument that personality is learned throughout life during interactions with others.

Kids learn through reward and punishment

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13
Q

Cognitive theory

A

Studies the perception of reality and the mental processes required to understand the world we live in

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14
Q

Psychopathic personality

A

A person lacking in warmth, exhibiting inappropriate behavior responses, and unable to learn from experience.

Defined by persistent violations of social norms

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15
Q

What are the social factors believed to cause or affect delinquent behaviors?

A

Interpersonal interactions, Social conditions, Poverty, Racial disparity

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16
Q

Three main sociological theoretical groups:

A

Social structure theories/process theories
Critical theories

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17
Q

Oscar Louis (1966)

A

coined the phrase “culture of poverty”

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18
Q

William Julius Wilson

A

created the “truly disadvantaged”. The impoverished are deprived of a standard of living enjoyed by the other citizens, iving in deteriorated inner cities

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19
Q

The theories tie delinquency rates to:

A

Socioeconomic conditions
e.g., poverty, neighborhood deterioration
Cultural values
e.g., gang culture

20
Q

social structure theories include:

A

Social disorganization
Anomie/strain
Cultural deviance

21
Q

Strain

A

A condition caused by the failure to achieve one’s social goals

22
Q

Anomie

A

Robert Merton (1910-2003)
A lack of norms or clear social standards

23
Q

Sources of strain

A

Failure to achieve positively valued goals
Removal of positively valued stimuli
Presentation of negative stimuli

24
Q

Sociologists argue that the root cause of delinquency may be traced to

A

learning delinquent attitudes from peers, experiencing conflict in the home, etc.

25
Q

Four main elements of delinquency

A

Attachment
Commitment
Belief
Involvement

26
Q

Critical Theory

A

believes/states Society is in a constant state of internal conflict.
Those in power use the justice system to maintain their status while keeping others subservient

27
Q

Social process theories

A

states Delinquency can be prevented by strengthening the socialization process

e.g., Boys and Girls Clubs

28
Q

Social structure theories

A

Social programs have been designed to reduce/ eliminate delinquency

e.g., Operation Weed and Seed

29
Q

The Life Course View

A

Children as young as toddlers begin relationships and behaviors that will determine their entire life course

developmental theory

30
Q

most important factor to delinquency

A

family relationships
Others include physical and mental factors such as intelligence, mental disease, and physique

31
Q

Life course concepts

A

Age of onset
Problem behavior syndrome
Continuity of crime and delinquency

32
Q

Continuity of Crime and Delinquency

A

kids who become persist offenders engage in more aggressive acts, and are continually involved in theft offenses and violent offenses

The best predictor of future criminality is past criminality

33
Q

Age-Graded theory

A

Age-graded theory was first expressed in “Crime in the Making,” by Sampson and Laub.
places a lot of emphasis on the stability brought about by romantic relationships

34
Q

Social Capital

A

Positive relations with individuals and institutions that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior

Losing or wasting social capital increases the likelihood of getting involved in delinquency

35
Q

Michael & Travis Hirschi

A

Integrates control with biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories

36
Q

Life-course persistent offenders:

A

Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood

37
Q

Adolescent-limited offenders:

A

Those who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood

38
Q

Abstainers

A

Social introverts whose unpopularity shields them from group pressure to commit delinquent acts

39
Q

Across Ages

A

Unique and highly effective drug intervention program that pairs older adult mentors (age 55 and above) with young adolescents, mainly those entering middle school (ages 9 to 13)

40
Q

Psychodynamic theory suggests that

A

imbalanced personality traits, caused by early childhood long-term psychological difficulties

41
Q

overt pathway

A

path consisting of aggression, fighting, and violence.

42
Q

covert path

A

consisting of minor behaviors.
property damage, and moderate to serious forms of delinquency

43
Q

authority conflict pathway

A

consisting in sequence of stubborn behavior, defiance, and authority avoidance

44
Q

Social disorganization states

A

a person’s physical and social environments are responsible for the behavioral choices

45
Q

Social control

A

The ability of an organized community to regulate itself via formal/informal social control

46
Q

Situational crime prevention

A

To reduce delinquency, crime control must recognize the characteristics of sites and situations that are at risk to crime

juvenile justice (5 decks)

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