chap 2b

Question 1

Placebo Effect:

Answer 1

Improvement due to expectation of improvement. Requires subjects to be blind to their group assignment.

Question 2

Nocebo Effect:

Answer 2

Harm from the expectation of harm. Example: Headaches from a non-existent electric current.

Question 3

Experimenter Expectancy Effect:

Answer 3

The researcher’s bias affects the outcome. Use a double-blind design to minimize.

Question 4

Hawthorne Effect:

Answer 4

Behavior changes because subjects know they’re being studied. Minimize with covert observation.

Question 5

Naturalistic Observation:

Answer 5

Real-world behavior observation with high external validity but low internal validity.

Question 6

Case Studies:

Answer 6

In-depth on rare cases. Provides existence proofs but can be anecdotal.

Question 7

Correlations:

Answer 7

It shows the relationship between variables but doesn’t imply causation. Positive, harmful, or none.

Question 8

Self-report Measures:

Answer 8

It is easy to administer but can be skewed by dishonesty or response sets.

Question 9

halo VS horn effects

Answer 9

first impression of someone halo (good) and horn (unfavorable)

Question 10

Importance of Randomization:

Answer 10

Ensures every individual has an equal chance of selection, which is key for generalizability.

Question 11

Evaluating Designs:

Answer 11

Reliability (during consistency) and validity (measuring what it claims) are crucial.

Question 12

Ethics in Research:

Answer 12

Informed consent, and proper debriefing are essential.

Question 13

Statistics:

Answer 13

Descriptive statistics = numerical statics of the data set
centeral tendancy = where the group tends to cluster

Question 14

internal VS. external validity

Answer 14

-Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables.
-External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied to other situations.