Chap 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

structure of carbohydrates in general.

A
  • Ketoses – ch2oh-co-R
  • Aldoses – coh-R
  • hexoses (6) pentoses (5)
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2
Q

optical rotation

A
  • Polarize light in a different plane. D bends light right. L bends light left
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3
Q

Stereoisomers formula

A
  • Number of Chiral centers^2
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4
Q

Fisher project

A
  • Wedges come out and dashed lines go in
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5
Q

difference between D- and L- sugars, and which one predominates in nature.

A
  • In D (most common), chiral center farthest from the OH group faces right, in L it faces left.
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6
Q

able to find the anomeric carbon

A
  • C that is bonded to 2 O molecules. C1 in aldoses, C2 in ketoses
  • Anomers – alpha = OH on bottom. Beta = OH on top
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7
Q

to predict if a sugar will undergo mutarotation, or will be a reducing sugar.

A
  • When the sugar reaches equilibrium between open-chain, close-chain forms (alpha and beta) in a solution. This changes the optical rotation.
  • Reducing sugars can open, if it has an OH on the anomeric carbon
    o All monosaccharides, Lactose (glucose-galactose) and Maltose (glucose-glucose). Not sucrose (fructose-glucose) because O bonds with both anomeric carbons, so they can’t open.
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8
Q

Can ketoses be reducing sugars??

A
  • Yes, it can be converted to an aldose, then reduced by adding an O to the acyl group
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9
Q

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

A

sucrose=glucose and fructose, lactose= galactose and glucose maltose= glucose and glucose

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10
Q

Why is cartilage so “springy”?

A
  • Polysaccharides hold 2x their mass in water, which acts as a shock absorber and lubricant. When pressed together, the charges repel one another as well.
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11
Q

blood-type antigens and what they are made of.

A
  • All have N acetyl glucosamine – D glucose – L fructose
    o Type O – no extra side chain
    o Type A – extra N-acetyl D-galactosamine
    o Type B – Extra D-galactose
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12
Q

celllulose and chitin

A
  • Cellulose - All glucose polymer, alternating alpha and beta linkages.
    o In plants
  • Chitin – Same as cellulose with an amino acid and acetyl group.
    o Exoskeletons
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13
Q

starch and glycogen bond numbers

A
  • Glycogen – protein core (glycogenin), branch every 11 +/- 3 glucose.
  • Starch – Amylopectin core, branched form of starch. Branch every 27 +/- 3 glucose.
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