Chap 19 Flashcards
1
Q
What is an enzyme
A
- Organic catalyst – decreases the activation energy
2
Q
Turnover
A
- Number of cycles in a unit of time
3
Q
six classes of enzymes
A
- Oxidoreducatases – redox reactions
- Transferases – transfer groups of acids (AB + C»_space; A + BC)
- Hydrolases – Hydrolysis (AB +H2O»_space; A+B) – digestive enzymes
- Isomerases – interconvert isomers (fructose»_space; glucose)
- Lyases – add/remove atoms to form double bonds
- Lygases - use ATP to combine 2 molecules
4
Q
lock and key vs induced fit
A
- Lock and key – must be the right shape to fit and allow reaction (old model)
- Induced fit – conformational changes to allow reaction (new model)
5
Q
the three main catalytic mechanisms that allow enzymes to lower the EActivation
A
- Migration of the substrate into the enzyme
- Substrate is forced into a less stable state
- Bonding electrons are drawn away and activation energy is decreased
6
Q
Catalytic triad
A
- Ser, His and Asp
- H+ transfers from serine to histidine
- Serine side chains bonds to the peptide bond carbon
- Peptide bond is broken and the new NH2 leaves the active site
7
Q
the effects of concentration, temperature, and pH on enzyme activity.
A
- Increased concentration = increased activity
- Optimal temperature increases activity
- Optimal pH increases activity.
8
Q
Different types of enzyme regulations
A
- Allosteric – binding of a regulator affects proteins ability to bind another
- Feedback/feedforward – alteration of enzymes activity by the products of an earlier or later product in the pathway
- Competitive vs. noncompetitive – competitive binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate. Noncompetitive – something binds to the enzyme, changing the shape making the substrate unable to bond to the active site. More effective at inhibiting.- Reversible vs. irreversible -
- Covalent modification: zymogens (proenzymes) – becomes active after undergoing a chemical change. – Phosphorylation: kinases use ATP to phosphates to catalyze the reaction.