CHAP 2 Flashcards
include causal factors from the fields of genetics and neuroscience
BIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS
causal factors from behavioral and cognitive process, including learned helplessness, social learning, prepared learning, and even unconscious processes
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS
a degenerative brain disease that appears in a specific area of the brain — the basal ganglia
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
one of a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait; we need only one of them to determine a trait
DOMINANT GENE
present at birth; it is caused by the ability of the body to metabolize phenylalanine.
PHENYLKETONORIA (PKU)
must be paired with another R gene to determine a trait
RECESSIVE TRAIT
behavior and personality and even intelligence are probably _____
POLYGENIC
influenced by many genes and contributing only a tiny effect
POLYGENIC
suggested that the very genetic structure of cells may change as a result of learning if genes were inactive with the environment in such a way that it becomes active
ERIC KANDEL
individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress
DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
a condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder
DIATHESIS
individuals that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events
GENE-ENVIRONMENT MODEL
also known as the gene-environment correlation model
Reciprocal - gene environment model
processes all info received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
electrical impulses that are transmitted and contains the information
ACTION POTENTIAL
space between the terminal button of an axon and the dendrite of another
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to another
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
do not merely insulate neurons, they play an active role in neural activity
GLIAL/GLIAL CELLS
neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire
EXCITATORY
decrease the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire
INHIBITORY
decrease in GABA
ANXIETY
increase in dopamine
SCHIZOPRENIA
increase in norepinephrine
DEPRESSION
decrease in serotonin
DEPRESSION
the lower and more ancient part of the brain; controls automatic functions such as breathing, sleeping, moving
BRAIN STEM
lowest part; regulates many automatic activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion
HINDBRAIN
controls motor coordination; abnomalities with it may be associated with autism
CEREBELLUM
coordinates movement with sensory input; contains parts of the reticular system: contributes to processes and arousal and tension
MIDBARIN
involved broadly with regulating behavior and emotion; it functions as a relay between the forebrain and the lower area of the brain stem
THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS
more advanced and more evolved part of the brain
FOREBARIN
helps regulate our emotional experiences and expressions, and to some extent, our ability to learn and to control our impulses; it is also involved in basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst
LYMBIC SYSTEM
hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, amygdala are parts of the
LYMBIC SYSTEM
believed to control motor activity as damage to these structures is involved in changing our posture or twitching or shaking
BASAL GANGLIA
largest part of the forebrain; contains 80% of all neurons in the CNS
CEREBRAL CORTEX
verbal and other cognitive processes
LEFT HEMISPHERE
perceiving the world and creating images
RIGHT HEMISPHERE
a lobe that is assigned to sight, sound, and long-term memory
TEMPORAL
sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning
PARIETAL
integrating and making sense of various visual inputs
OCCIPITAL
its anterior is the prefrontal cortex, and this area is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, planning, and long-term memory
FRONTAL
controls the muscles; damage here might make it difficult for us to engage in any voluntary movement including talking
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
its primary duties consists of regulating the cardiovascular system, and the endocrine system, and to perform other functions including aiding digestion and regulating body temperature
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger by rapidly activating the organs and glands under its control
SYMPATHETIC
takes over after the sympathetic nervous system has been activated for a while, normalizing our arousal and facilitating the storage of energy by helping the digestive process
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
gland that secretse stress hormone; epinephrine (adrenaline) and salt-regulating hormones
ADRENAL GLAND
master gland; variety of regulatory hormones
PITUITARY GLAND
gland that secretes thyroxine — facilitates energy metabolism and growth
THYROID GLAND
secretes sex hormones
GONADAL GLANDS
HPA AXIS STANDS FOR
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ANDRENOCORTICAL AXIS
a feature on a chromosome that appears to moderate the effect of depression and cortisol
TELOMERES
substances that effectively increase the activity of neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects
AGONISTS
substances that decrease or block a neurotransmitter
ANTAGONISTS
produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter
INVERSE AGONISTS
norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopoamine are what kind of neurotransmitters
MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS
GABA and glutamate are examples of whta kind of neurotransmitters
AMINOACID NEUROTRASMITTERS
excitatory neurotransmitter
GLUTAMATE
inhibitory neurotransmitter that is known for its best effect in reducing anxiety
GABA
an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates our behavior, mood, and thought process
SEROTONIN
an excitatory neurotransmitter and also a hormone; it increases alertness, arousal, and attention; constricts blood vessels (to maintain BP in times of stress) and effect sleep-wake cycle, mood, and memory
NOREPINEPHRINE
excitatory neurotransmitters that is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizoprenia, disorders of addiction, and depression
DOPAMINE
A DOPMAINE AGONIST; HAS BEEN SUCCESFUL IN REDUCING SOME MOTOR DISABILITIESIN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
LOW DOPAMINE
refers to unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from an individual’s self-report or behaviors
BLACK BOX
a method for studying the unobservable unconscious; in which color naming is delayed when the meaning of the word interferes with the participant’s ability to process color informatin
STROOP COLOR-NAMING PARADIGM
a more persistent period of affect or emotionality
MOOD
refers to the valence dimension of an emotion (+, -)
AFFECT
