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Chap 13 & 14 > Chap 13-14 > Flashcards

Chap 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution

A

Process where modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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2
Q

What is diversity of life

A

Planet housing variety living organisms

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3
Q

What is fitness

A

Physical traits & behaviours enable organisms to survive/ reproduce in their environment

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4
Q

What is common descent

A

Species descended from common ancestors

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5
Q

What are Darwin’s 3 theories

A
  1. Modern organisms produced by process of evolution (process of change in species )
  2. Argued each organism comes from pre existing organisms (species descended from other species)
  3. Fitness happens through adaptation
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6
Q

What is adaptation

A

Inherited characteristics that increase an organism fitness for survival

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7
Q

What is an adaptation ex

A

Long neck / legs of giraffe allow giraffe to eat from higher trees

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8
Q

What are fossils

A

Preserved remains of ancient organisms

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9
Q

What did James Hutton say

A

Rocks mountains valley’s gradually changed because of rain, heat, force, cold, volcanoes, & natural forces

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10
Q

What did Charles Lyell argue

A

1830, argued scientists should explain past events in terms of events process they could observe

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11
Q

What is relative dating

A

Technique used by scientists to determine age of fossil relative to other fossilsin different layers

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12
Q

What is half life

A

Length of time required for half radioactive atoms in sample decay

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13
Q

What is Radioactive dating

A

Measuring rates of decay of radioactive materials to determine how long ago an event occurred or an organism lived

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14
Q

Where are fossils found

A

Sedimentary rocks

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15
Q

What is sedimentary rocks

A

Rocks formed when exposed to heat, rain, & cold breaks downexisting rocks into small sand, clay slit particles

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16
Q

What is chany process

A

Fossil records not complete because some organims leave proper fossils

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17
Q

What is paleontologist

A

Scientists who study fossils

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18
Q

Fossil records

A

Representation of preserved collective history on Earths organisms

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19
Q

What are Hox cluster

A

Group of genes establishing basic pattern of organs & structure from head to tail

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20
Q

What is Homogolous structures

A

Structures which meet different needs but develop from same body parts

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21
Q

What do organisms use to carry genetic info

A

DNA DNA carries info from one generation to another

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22
Q

What is Darwin’s conclusion

A

Living organisms evolved through gradual modification of earlier forms

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23
Q

What is evolution theory

A

Foundation on which biological science is built

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24
Q

What 3 Lamark assumptions are wrong

A
  1. A Desire to Change: organisms change because they have an urge to better themselves
  2. Use & Disuse: Changer occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in different ways. Organs could increase in size or shape depending on the need by the organism
  3. Passing on Acquired Traits: Acquired characteristics were inherited.He thought, if animalsacquired a body structure it could be passed down to it’s offspring
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25
Q

What 3 Lamarck assumptions are wrong

A
  1. A Desire to Change: organisms change because they have an urge to better themselves
  2. Use & Disuse: Changer occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in different ways. Organs could increase in size or shape depending on the need by the organism
  3. Passing on Acquired Traits: Acquired characteristics were inherited.He thought, if animals acquired a body structure it could be passed down to it’s offspring
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26
Q

What can be passed from one gen to the next?

A

Only genes/ changes in genes can can be passed from one parent to the other,

27
Q

What are the ideas that shaped Darwin’s Theory

A
  1. The Influence of Geology (Lyell): After reading Principle’s of Geology Darwin was convinced that Earth was much older than most people believed back then
  2. Artificial Selection (farmers): Farmers altered/ improved their crops & livestock through breeding programs
  3. Population Control (Malthus): Many more offspring are produced that can possibly survive (only the best survive)
  4. Malthus Doctrine: famine,disease & war killed the human population. Darwin realised only applied to animals & plants
28
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Intervention of humans ensures only individuals with better traits produce offsprings

29
Q

What is natural selection

A

Process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing off springs

30
Q

How is natural selection different from artificial selection

A
  1. Happens over much longer periods of time
  2. Lacks control/ direction
31
Q

What is Darwin’s reasoning

A

Wild animals/ plants show variations

Birthrates are high

resources/ life necessities forced organism’s into constant “ struggle for existence” & Against each other/ environment

Darwin’s principle “Survival of the Fittest”

Individual organisms whose characteristic are well-suited to environment survive

Individual organisms whose characteristic aren’t well-suited to environment die or leave few off springs

32
Q

Difference between Darwin’s & Lamarck theory of evolution

A

Lamarck believed that organisms could acquire characteristics during their lifetime that they could pass down to their offspring, but Darwin did not believe these traits could be passed down.

33
Q

What are genes

A

Carriers of inheritable traits & source of random variations

34
Q

What are the reasons for variation

A

Mutation

Shuffling of chromosomes during meiosis

Variation doesn’t happen because organisms need/ want to evolve (Lamarck’s theory). Organisms can’t control DNA changes

35
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Physical & behavioural characteristics produced by interactions of genotypes & environment

ex: Height
Color of skin/hair/eyes
Shape of noses/ lips
Amount of body hairs

36
Q

What is population

A

Collection of individuals of the same species in a given area whose members can breed

37
Q

What is gene pool

A

Members of a population can interbreed & they / offspring share common genes

Each gene pool contains allele or forms of certain gene at given points on chromosomes

38
Q

What is an allele

A

form of a certain gene at a given point on chromosomes

39
Q

what is relative frequency

A

Sexual reproduction alone does not change the relative frequency of all alleles in a population, just as shuffling & dealing cards doesn’t change the relative # of aces, kings, fours etc

40
Q

What is new evolution def

A

Increase in the relative frequencies of all alleles in the gene pool of a population

41
Q

What is evolutionary fitness

A

Success an organism has in passing on it’s genes to offsprings

42
Q

What is adaptation

A

Genetic characteristics that increases fitness

43
Q

What is interbreeding

A

Share common gene pool

Genetic change in one individual can spread through population

If changes increases fitness, gene will eventually be found in many individuals in population

44
Q

What is speciation

A

process in which new species evolve from old species

45
Q

What is niche

A

an organism “profession” & the place in which it lives

No 2 species can live in same niche for long periods of time

46
Q

what is Reproductive Isolation

A

separation of populations so they don’t interbreed

47
Q

How does reproductive isolation occur

A

Geographic barrier

Difference in courtship behaviours

Difference in fertile periods

48
Q

Steps to Darwin’s finch theory

A
  1. Founding Fathers & Mother: ancestral Finches arrived at island A & survived & reproduced
  2. Separation of populations: some birds crossed from A to B became isolated
  3. Changes in Gene Pool: Populations on each island adapted to the needs of their environment. ( A = small seeds B = large seeds )
  4. Reproductive Isolation: If a few birds from A crossed to B they can’t breed with one another - separate species
    Finches prefer to reproduce birds with the same beak size they do
  5. Sharing Same island: the fate of 2 species on B
49
Q

What is (divergent evolution)

A

Process by which different organisms having common ancestors develop different traits or characteristics to adapt to the changing environmental conditions and needs

50
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

Evolutionary process by which many species originate from one species in an area and change to different species

51
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

The process where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.

52
Q

Difference between convergent & divergent evolution

A

convergent evolution involves unrelated species that develop similar characteristics over time,

divergent evolution involves species with a common ancestor that change to become increasingly different over time.

53
Q

What are analogous structures

A

Structures that are similar in appearance and function, but have different origins. Analogous structures are often produced by convergent evolution. Examples the wings of butterflies, birds, and bats are all made of different things but perform the same function: flying

54
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Random change in frequency of gene

55
Q

what is homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

Ex; limbs of humans, cats

56
Q

Difference between homologous structure & analogous structure

A

Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function.

57
Q

What is gradualism

A

theory that evolutionary change happens slowly & gradually

58
Q

What is equilibrium

A

Animals that don’t change very much

59
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium

A

theory that states that evolution occurs primarily through short bursts of intense speciation, followed by lengthy periods of stasis or equilibrium

60
Q

What is mutation

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

61
Q

Difference between punctuated equilibrium & gradualism

A

Gradualism is the concept that large changes in species are actually the culmination of very small changes that build up over time. Punctuated equilibrium states that changes in species take place over a relatively short amount of time “punctuating” the long periods of equilibrium

62
Q

What is mass extinction

A

When species vanish faster than being replaced

63
Q

How are new species created

A

speciation

Chap 13 & 14 (5 decks)

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