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Chap 13 & 14 > Chap 13-14 > Flashcards

Chap 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution

A

Process where modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

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2
Q

What is diversity of life

A

Planet housing variety living organisms

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3
Q

What is fitness

A

Physical traits & behaviours enable organisms to survive/ reproduce in their environment

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4
Q

What is common descent

A

Species descended from common ancestors

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5
Q

What are Darwin’s 3 theories

A
  1. Modern organisms produced by process of evolution (process of change in species )
  2. Argued each organism comes from pre existing organisms (species descended from other species)
  3. Fitness happens through adaptation
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6
Q

What is adaptation

A

Inherited characteristics that increase an organism fitness for survival

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7
Q

What is an adaptation ex

A

Long neck / legs of giraffe allow giraffe to eat from higher trees

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8
Q

What are fossils

A

Preserved remains of ancient organisms

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9
Q

What did James Hutton say

A

Rocks mountains valley’s gradually changed because of rain, heat, force, cold, volcanoes, & natural forces

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10
Q

What did Charles Lyell argue

A

1830, argued scientists should explain past events in terms of events process they could observe

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11
Q

What is relative dating

A

Technique used by scientists to determine age of fossil relative to other fossilsin different layers

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12
Q

What is half life

A

Length of time required for half radioactive atoms in sample decay

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13
Q

What is Radioactive dating

A

Measuring rates of decay of radioactive materials to determine how long ago an event occurred or an organism lived

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14
Q

Where are fossils found

A

Sedimentary rocks

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15
Q

What is sedimentary rocks

A

Rocks formed when exposed to heat, rain, & cold breaks downexisting rocks into small sand, clay slit particles

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16
Q

What is chany process

A

Fossil records not complete because some organims leave proper fossils

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17
Q

What is paleontologist

A

Scientists who study fossils

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18
Q

Fossil records

A

Representation of preserved collective history on Earths organisms

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19
Q

What are Hox cluster

A

Group of genes establishing basic pattern of organs & structure from head to tail

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20
Q

What is Homogolous structures

A

Structures which meet different needs but develop from same body parts

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21
Q

What do organisms use to carry genetic info

A

DNA DNA carries info from one generation to another

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22
Q

What is Darwin’s conclusion

A

Living organisms evolved through gradual modification of earlier forms

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23
Q

What is evolution theory

A

Foundation on which biological science is built

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24
Q

What 3 Lamark assumptions are wrong

A
  1. A Desire to Change: organisms change because they have an urge to better themselves
  2. Use & Disuse: Changer occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in different ways. Organs could increase in size or shape depending on the need by the organism
  3. Passing on Acquired Traits: Acquired characteristics were inherited.He thought, if animalsacquired a body structure it could be passed down to it’s offspring
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25
What 3 Lamarck assumptions are wrong
1. A Desire to Change: organisms change because they have an urge to better themselves 2. Use & Disuse: Changer occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in different ways. Organs could increase in size or shape depending on the need by the organism 3. Passing on Acquired Traits: Acquired characteristics were inherited.He thought, if animals acquired a body structure it could be passed down to it’s offspring
26
What can be passed from one gen to the next?
Only genes/ changes in genes can can be passed from one parent to the other,
27
What are the ideas that shaped Darwin's Theory
1. The Influence of Geology (Lyell): After reading Principle’s of Geology Darwin was convinced that Earth was much older than most people believed back then 2. Artificial Selection (farmers): Farmers altered/ improved their crops & livestock through breeding programs 3. Population Control (Malthus): Many more offspring are produced that can possibly survive (only the best survive) 4. Malthus Doctrine: famine,disease & war killed the human population. Darwin realised only applied to animals & plants
28
What is artificial selection
Intervention of humans ensures only individuals with better traits produce offsprings
29
What is natural selection
Process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing off springs
30
How is natural selection different from artificial selection
1. Happens over much longer periods of time 2. Lacks control/ direction
31
What is Darwin's reasoning
Wild animals/ plants show variations Birthrates are high resources/ life necessities forced organism’s into constant “ struggle for existence” & Against each other/ environment Darwin’s principle “Survival of the Fittest” Individual organisms whose characteristic are well-suited to environment survive Individual organisms whose characteristic aren’t well-suited to environment die or leave few off springs
32
Difference between Darwin's & Lamarck theory of evolution
Lamarck believed that organisms could acquire characteristics during their lifetime that they could pass down to their offspring, but Darwin did not believe these traits could be passed down.
33
What are genes
Carriers of inheritable traits & source of random variations
34
What are the reasons for variation
Mutation Shuffling of chromosomes during meiosis Variation doesn’t happen because organisms need/ want to evolve (Lamarck’s theory). Organisms can’t control DNA changes
35
What is a phenotype
Physical & behavioural characteristics produced by interactions of genotypes & environment ex: Height Color of skin/hair/eyes Shape of noses/ lips Amount of body hairs
36
What is population
Collection of individuals of the same species in a given area whose members can breed
37
What is gene pool
Members of a population can interbreed & they / offspring share common genes Each gene pool contains allele or forms of certain gene at given points on chromosomes
38
What is an allele
form of a certain gene at a given point on chromosomes
39
what is relative frequency
Sexual reproduction alone does not change the relative frequency of all alleles in a population, just as shuffling & dealing cards doesn't change the relative # of aces, kings, fours etc
40
What is new evolution def
Increase in the relative frequencies of all alleles in the gene pool of a population
41
What is evolutionary fitness
Success an organism has in passing on it's genes to offsprings
42
What is adaptation
Genetic characteristics that increases fitness
43
What is interbreeding
Share common gene pool Genetic change in one individual can spread through population If changes increases fitness, gene will eventually be found in many individuals in population
44
What is speciation
process in which new species evolve from old species
45
What is niche
an organism "profession" & the place in which it lives No 2 species can live in same niche for long periods of time
46
what is Reproductive Isolation
separation of populations so they don't interbreed
47
How does reproductive isolation occur
Geographic barrier Difference in courtship behaviours Difference in fertile periods
48
Steps to Darwin's finch theory
1. Founding Fathers & Mother: ancestral Finches arrived at island A & survived & reproduced 2. Separation of populations: some birds crossed from A to B became isolated 3. Changes in Gene Pool: Populations on each island adapted to the needs of their environment. ( A = small seeds B = large seeds ) 4. Reproductive Isolation: If a few birds from A crossed to B they can't breed with one another - separate species Finches prefer to reproduce birds with the same beak size they do 5. Sharing Same island: the fate of 2 species on B
49
What is (divergent evolution)
Process by which different organisms having common ancestors develop different traits or characteristics to adapt to the changing environmental conditions and needs
50
what is adaptive radiation
Evolutionary process by which many species originate from one species in an area and change to different species
51
What is convergent evolution
The process where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.
52
Difference between convergent & divergent evolution
convergent evolution involves unrelated species that develop similar characteristics over time, divergent evolution involves species with a common ancestor that change to become increasingly different over time.
53
What are analogous structures
Structures that are similar in appearance and function, but have different origins. Analogous structures are often produced by convergent evolution. Examples the wings of butterflies, birds, and bats are all made of different things but perform the same function: flying
54
What is genetic drift
Random change in frequency of gene
55
what is homologous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions. Ex; limbs of humans, cats
56
Difference between homologous structure & analogous structure
Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function.
57
What is gradualism
theory that evolutionary change happens slowly & gradually
58
What is equilibrium
Animals that don't change very much
59
What is punctuated equilibrium
theory that states that evolution occurs primarily through short bursts of intense speciation, followed by lengthy periods of stasis or equilibrium
60
What is mutation
Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.
61
Difference between punctuated equilibrium & gradualism
Gradualism is the concept that large changes in species are actually the culmination of very small changes that build up over time. Punctuated equilibrium states that changes in species take place over a relatively short amount of time “punctuating” the long periods of equilibrium
62
What is mass extinction
When species vanish faster than being replaced
63
How are new species created
speciation

Chap 13 & 14 (5 decks)

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