Chap 10 Flashcards
What is the purpose of lifting equipment in aircraft engineering?
Many aircraft engineering tasks involve lifting heavy items with the use of lifting equipment.
What type of crane is commonly found in modern aircraft hangars?
Most modern aircraft hangars will have a roof mounted crane that can be positioned over any area within the hangar floor space.
What do REME aviation units use for lifting tasks when roof cranes are unavailable?
REME aviation units will deploy with a vehicle mounted crane that can be positioned next to an aircraft to assist with lifting tasks.
What is a limitation of vehicle mounted cranes?
These vehicles are cumbersome and may not be able to access all areas.
What is the purpose of aircraft mounted lifting equipment?
Aircraft mounted lifting equipment can be fitted to most Army helicopters to change major components in the field.
What are the main reasons for designing aircraft mounted lifting equipment?
- Portability: They are man portable and can easily be stored inside a land rover or trailer.
- Field Use: They prevent the need to send a vehicle in to the field unnecessarily.
What are the main components of aircraft mounted lifting equipment?
- Main support/support post.
- Jib arm/boom.
- Winch/hoist and cable.
- Undercarriage support/locks.
What is a Mini-Lift Winch?
A Mini-Lift Winch is a hoist mounted on lifting frames to facilitate lifting operations, commonly used in Army aviation.
What are the weight capacities of the winches used in Army aviation?
5 and 10 cwt winches are used in Army aviation.
A hundred weight (cwt) is equal to 50.8 Kgs.
What is the function of the hoist’s winding mechanism?
The hoist consists of a manually operated winding mechanism to which various ancillaries can be attached for hoisting components in aircraft.
What are some ancillaries that can be attached to the hoist?
Ancillaries include attachments for suspending the hoist by a sheath using either a single cable or a double cable with a double purchase block.
What are the two lifting speeds available for the winch?
A slow rate for heavy loads and a faster rate for lighter loads or to wind in/pay out a free cable.
What is required when using the 10 cwt winch for loads above 508 kg?
A double fall cable with a double purchase block must be used for loads above 508 kg (10 cwt) up to a maximum of 1016 kg (20 cwt).
What controls the descent of the load in the winch?
An automatic ‘friction shoe’ governor controls descent when the ‘dead man’s handle’ type brake is manually released.
What is the purpose of the ‘spring applied’ brake in the winch?
The ‘spring applied’ brake holds the load the moment it is allowed to reapply.
What are the two driving dogs in the hoist used for?
The top shaft is for full reduction drive for lifting, while the lower shaft is for fast winding cable in or out of the hoist unloaded.
What does the cable pressure release slot do?
It allows the hoist cable to coil out of the hoist if passage through the extension tube or sheath is obstructed when winding out.
How is the winding handle designed to attach to the driving dogs?
The winding handle attaches to either of the two driving dogs with a spring-loaded latch that engages in a slot in either dog.
What prevents the risk of injury from a rotating handle when lowering the load?
The handle is designed to disengage automatically from the drive dog when released, preventing injury.
What ensures that the hoist cannot be overloaded?
The slipping clutch winding handle ensures that the hoist cannot be overloaded.
What are hoist extensions?
Different length extensions are available to adapt the hoist to suit various lifting requirements. Each extension has an outer tube and an inner tube.
What is the function of the outer tube in hoist extensions?
The outer tube forms the jib.
What is the function of the inner tube in hoist extensions?
The inner tube serves as a cable guide.
What is the top sheath hook?
It is connected to the top end of the extension tube and is used for attaching the hoist assembly to the airframe mounted lifting frame.
What is the construction of the various sheaths?
The sheaths comprise metal casings for housing the pulleys and associated parts.
How are the cables managed in the sheaths?
The sheaths are designed so that the cables can be fed over the pulleys without removing any parts.
What is a double purchase block?
It is intended for hoisting loads in excess of 508 kg (10 cwt) to a maximum of 1016 kg (20 cwt).
How does the double purchase block affect lifting rate?
Use of the double purchase block reduces by half the normal lifting rate and usable length of cable.
What legislation governs the management of lifting and recovery equipment?
The Lifting Equipment Regulations 1 (LOLER) 1998.
What is the responsibility of managers, maintainers, and operators under LOLER?
They have a duty for the effective management and safe use of Lifting and Recovery Equipment.
What functions does the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) perform concerning lifting and recovery equipment?
They are responsible for
a).the inspection, examination, repair, testing, and certification of all Army service stocks held by units.
b). The periodic thorough examination of equipment that is:
>held by units/on units charge against an equipment table schedule entitlement.
>incorporated on military vehicles
What is Lifting Equipment?
Work equipment used for lifting and lowering loads, including attachments for anchoring, fixing, or supporting it. Examples include cranes, jacks, and office lifts.
What is a Lifting Operation?
An operation concerned with the lifting, lowering, suspending, or recovery of a load that involves the use of lifting equipment.
What is considered a Load?
Any material, person, or accessory that is lifted, or any combination of these raised or lowered by lifting equipment.
What is Safe Working Load (SWL)?
The maximum load specified by the design authority that an item of lifting equipment is approved to raise, lower, suspend, and recover in all operating conditions. The SWL should be expressed in units of mass (i.e., kilograms/tonnes).
What is Working Load Limit (WLL)?
The maximum load (mass) that an accessory for lifting is designed to raise, lower, or suspend.
What is a Proof Load?
A load applied by a competent person, normally the manufacturer, for the purpose of testing.
Who is a Responsible Person?
A person competent to carry out the lifting of loads, familiar with the safe use of lifting equipment, and responsible for Before Use Checks and In-Service Inspection.
What defines a Competent Person (Operation)?
A person designated as qualified to carry out either pre-use examination or use of the lifting equipment on which they are employed, due to trade training or on-the-job training.
What defines a Competent Person (Maintenance)?
A person designated as qualified to carry out maintenance of the lifting equipment on which they are employed, due to trade training or on-the-job training.
What is a Supervisor (Operation)?
An NCO or civilian equivalent in charge of all operations involving the use of lifting equipment.
What type of operations can be delegated to a competent person?
Operations that are of a routine and simple nature involving the repeated use of a specific type of lifting equipment.
KLP 14.19.03
What are slings and wire ropes used for?
They assist in lifting components by attaching the component to the lifting hook of a crane or airframe mounted lifting equipment.
What materials are slings made from?
Slings are made from lengths of fibre, wire rope, or webbing which are looped and spliced or clamped together.
What is the purpose of an internal metal thimble in a sling?
To give the correct support to a load and avoid chaffing the rope.
What are the two main categories of slings?
Single and multi-legged slings.
What is a test certificate?
A document produced when lifting equipment, including slings, is originally made and tested, carrying the item’s full identity.
What happens if lifting equipment does not have a valid test certificate?
It must not be used.
What is the purpose of an identity tag on lifting equipment?
To confirm that the equipment is safe to use without referring to the test certificate.
What information does an identity tag contain?
It shows the slings identity number, test date, and Safe Working Load (SWL).
What happens if an identity tag is missing?
The lifting item is classed as unserviceable and must be returned to stores.
What should be done if both the Test Certificate and proof of identity are missing?
The item is either to be conditioned R3/4 and returned to the appropriate supplier for proof testing and re-issue of Test Certificate and proof of identity, or be scrapped as appropriate.
How do the angles of a multi-legged sling affect the load it can lift?
The greater the angle formed by the sling legs, the greater the stress imposed on the sling, resulting in a lighter load that can be safely lifted.
The SWL for these various angles is included on the identity tag (and test certificate) of multi-legged slings.
When should special type slings be used?
Special type slings must always be used for specific equipment, such as engines and main rotor gearboxes.
What is the purpose of an Examination Scheme?
It is a scheme of thorough examination that may include testing and inspections for lifting equipment and accessories.
What are the two levels of inspections for lifting equipment?
- Periodic Intervals: A formal inspection carried out at stated intervals by a competent person.
- In-Service: An examination carried out by a competent person before using any lifting equipment, usually not recorded.
What is required in the Pre-Use Procedure for Lift and Recovery Equipment?
All equipment must be prepared for use, checked thoroughly, and ensured that all items operate correctly and that all equipment required for the task is available.
What must be checked regarding the equipment before use?
Ensure that all equipment is in date for thorough examination and that an in date thorough examination report is held and recorded.
What must be verified about the individual parts of lift and recovery equipment?
All individual parts must display the same serial number and test date to ensure out of date equipment is not mixed with in date equipment.
What should be checked on the sling identification tag?
The sling identification tag must be checked to ensure it is in date and that the SWL is sufficient for the task.
What should be checked for hooks, rings, and thimbles?
They should be checked for security.
What should be checked on the sling legs and eyes?
They should be checked for broken strands and any signs of undue wear.
What is the warning regarding broken cable wires?
Broken wire strands are hazardous. Care must be taken whilst cleaning or examining the cable.
What is the procedure for post use inspection of lifting and recovery equipment?
All lifting and recovery equipment must be inspected after use by a Responsible Person. The procedure includes:
1. Report any defects or abnormalities in use.
2. Check any defects reported by user departments.
3. Clean and dry the equipment.
4. Return items with chemical ingress for thorough examination.
5. Clean items with minimal ingress according to manufacturer’s safety information.
6. Lubricate shackles and bearings, treat wires and chains before storage.
What are the storage requirements for lifting and recovery equipment?
Equipment must be stored in a clean, dry manner with hanging bars or hooks. Stores should be well lit, free from obstruction, and not subjected to extremes of temperature or humidity.
What should not be stored near lifting equipment?
Corrosive materials, acids, alkalis, and solvents that could cause de-greasing of wire ropes should not be stored near lifting equipment.
How should slings and chains be stored?
Slings, particularly chains, need to hang in loops to avoid twisting or kinking. Wire strops and webbing strops also benefit from hanging.
What is the effect of direct sunlight and excess heat on webbing?
Webbing for slings and harnesses deteriorates rapidly in direct sunlight, and excess heat can damage webbing and dry out bearings of lifting appliances.
What should be done with defective equipment?
Defective equipment must be quarantined and stored to prevent its use and report damage.
What should be done if equipment damage occurs during tests?
If any test damages lifting and recovery equipment, it must be quarantined, and its further use must be prevented. The Defence Accident Investigation Branch and the equipment owner/sponsor must be informed immediately.
What are the key considerations for planning and executing a lifting operation?
A range of good working practices should be adhered to at all times.
What factors must a competent person establish to select lifting accessories?
Factors include the physical size, weight, shape, presence of lifting points, rigidity or fragility of the load, any rotating insecure elements, and the centre of gravity.
What additional factors determine the type of sling or lifting accessory to be used?
Considerations include available headroom, where the load has to be put down, whether the load must be raised or lowered at a particular angle, and ambient atmospheric conditions.
Who must control every lift?
Every lift must be under the control of a Supervisor (operations).
What responsibilities does the Supervisor (operations) have during a lift?
The Supervisor must ensure the lift is properly planned, all equipment is specified and certificated, all equipment is current and serviceable, and that operators are competent and authorized.
What must be checked about the load before lifting?
The load must be free to lift (not connected to the floor or machinery) and have no loose components that could become displaced.
What should be checked regarding the route of the load?
The route must be checked to ensure there are no obstructions.
What personal protective equipment (PPE) should personnel wear during the lift?
All personnel involved with the lift should wear the correct PPE, such as hard hats.
What should be done if the load has to pass over a person?
The lift shall not take place until the person has moved to a safe place.
What precautions must be in place regarding loads above persons?
Under no circumstances may a load travel or be suspended above any person unless precautions are in place to protect them in the event of a load falling.
What is the purpose of a tag line during a lift?
A tag line or lines will be fitted to allow for the manipulation of the load while it is in motion or suspended.
What must be ensured for the execution of the lift?
That the lift is executed safely.
What should be done with equipment after the lift?
All equipment must be returned or properly stowed at the end of the lift.
Who ensures appropriate signals are agreed upon before a lift?
The Supervisor (operations) in conjunction with the Competent Person (operations) will ensure that appropriate signals are agreed in advance.
What are the basic principles for hand signaling?
Hand signals must be clear, fully understood, with positive arm movement and high visibility clothing or marshalling wands used.
When is verbal signaling used?
Verbal signaling is used when the lift/lower site is remote from the crane site.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘START’?
Start operation.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘END’?
Stop an operation.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘RAISE’?
Raise load.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘FORWARD’?
Move forwards.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘RIGHT’?
Move to signaller’s right.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘QUICKLY’?
Speed up operation.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘STOP’?
Interrupt operation.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘DANGER’?
Emergency stop.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘LOWER’?
Lower load.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘BACKWARD’?
Move backwards.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘LEFT’?
Move to signaller’s left.
What is the meaning of the code word ‘SLOWLY’?
Slow down operation.
Identify
