chap 1 principle and concepts Flashcards
New pain that is often severe, continuous, and perhaps disabling. Tend to be irritable
Acute pain
Aggravating, not as intense, has been experienced before
Chronic pain
Peripheral sensitization of nocireceptors
AKA primary hyperalgesia. when tissue has been damaged, substances are released leading to inflammation, resulting localized pain
Central sensitization
AKA secondary hyperalgesia: more central process involving Spinal cord and brain, manifests itself as widespread hypersensitivity to such physical mental and emotional stressors
Acute condition (how many days)
7-10days
subacute conditions
10 days to 7 weeks
Chronic conditions
longer than 7 weeks
cramping, dull, aching
muscle pain
dull aching
ligament, joint capsule
sharp shooting
Nerve root
Sharp bright, lightening like
Nerve
Burning, pressurelike, stinging, aching
sympathetic nerve
Deep nagging dull
Bone
Sharp, severe, intolerable
fracture
Throbbing, diffuse
Vasculature
Locking (joint) vs. Pseudolocking
Locking: joint cannot be fully extended i.e meniscal tear in the knee
Pseudolocking: does not extend one time, does extend next time i.e. loose body
spasm locking/ giving way
Spasm locking: can no be put through a full ROM because mm spasm or because mvmt was too fast
Giving way: by reflex inhibition or weakness of mm due to anticipating pain or instability
Laxity vs hypermobility
Laxity: excessive ROM but can control movement and no pathology
Hypermobility: has pathological component, can not control at end range, instability of joint
Static flexibility and dynamic flexibility
Static flexibility: ROM available
Dynamic flexibility: stiffness, ease of movement
translational instability vs anatomical instability
translational instability: AKA pathological or mechanical instability, loss of control of the small arthrokinematic joint movement (spin, slide, roll, translation)
Anatomical instability: AKA clinical or gross instability, mechanical instability or pathological hypermobility, excessive or gross physiological movement in the joint where patient become apprehensive a the end of ROM because of subluxation or dislocation
Functional instability
either or both type, arthrokinematic or osteokinematic
Voluntary instability vs involuntary instability
Voluntary instability: initiated by mm contraction
Involuntary instability: initiated by positioning
circle concept of instability
one side joint dislocation/injury affect the other side
myotome, dermatome, sclerotome
myotome: mm supplied by a single nerve root
Dermatome: area of skin “””
sclerotome: area of bone or fascia “”””
Radicular or radicular pain
form of referred pain, sharp shooting pain felt in a dermatome, myotome, sclerotome due to direct involvement or damage to spinal nerve or nerve root
Radiculopathy
radiating paresthesia, numbness or weakness but not pain
myelopathy
is a neurogenic disorder involving the spinal cord or brain and resulting an upper motor neuron lesion (can affect both upper and lower limb)
myofascial hypomobility
results from adaptive shortening or hypertonicity of the muscles or from posttraumatic adhesions or scarring
pericapsular hypomobility
a capsular or ligamentous origin may result from adhesions, scarring, arthritis, arthrosis, fibrosis, or tissue adaptation
Pathomechanical hypomobility
as a result of joint trauma (micro or macro) leading to restriction in one or more directions
abnormal end feel: early mm spasm, late mm spasm
early mm spasm: protective spasm from injury
late mm spasm: due to instability or pain
Abnormal end feel: hard capsular/soft capsular
hard capsular: a thicker stretching quality to it (such as frozen shoulder) Soft capsular (boggy): edema, synovitis
abnormal end feel: Bone to bone/empty/springy block
Bone to bone: osteophytic formation
Empty: acute subacromial bursitis, can’t achieve due to pain
Springy block: meniscus tear
postural or tonic muscles
responsible for maintaining upright posture, tendency to become tight and hypertonic with pathology
Pec, psoas, gastroc/soleus
phasic muscles
tend to become weak and inhibited with pathology
Rhomboids, abs, tib ant
SOAP means
Subjective
Objective
Assessment
Plan
