Chap 1 And 2 Review

Question 1

1. Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?
   a. critical thinking
   b. use of the scientific method
   c. critical evaluation of sources of information
   d. all of the above

Answer 1

D. all of the above

Question 2

2. Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in
   a. biology
   b. chemistry
   c. philosophy
   d. physics

Answer 2

C. philosophy

Question 3

3. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n)

a observation
b. measurement
c. test
d. proposed explanation

Answer 3

D. proposed explanation

Question 4

4. Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.
   a. William James
   b. Max Wertheimer
   c. Carl Rogers
   d. Noam Chomsky

Answer 4

B. Max Wertheimer.

Question 5

5. _____ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs
   a. Noam Chomsky
   b. Carl Rogers
   c. Abraham Maslow
   d. Sigmund Freud

Answer 5

C. Abraham Maslow

Question 6

6. Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and _ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
   a. structuralism
   b. functionalism
   c. Gestalt
   d. unconditional positive regard

Answer 6

D. Unconditional positive regard.

Question 7

7. The operant conditioning chamber (a.k.a.___ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning
   A. Skinner
   B. Watson
   C. James
   D. Koffka

Answer 7

A. Skinner

Question 8

8. A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n)
   psychologist.
   a. biological
   b. health
   c. clinical
   d. social

Answer 8

A. biological

Question 9

9. An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behaviour is known as a(n)
   a. psychosexual stage
   b. object permanence
   c. personality
   d. perception

Answer 9

C. Personality.

Question 10

10. In Milgram’s controversial study on obedience, nearly _of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.
    a. 1/3
    b. 2/3
    c. 3/4
    d. 4/5

Answer 10

B. 2/3

Question 11

11. A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n)
    _ psychologist.
    a. personality
    b. clinical
    c. social
    d. I-O

Answer 11

D. I–O

Question 12

12. If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a
    4-year college, they would probably need a _______ degree in
    psychology.

a. bachelor of science
b. bachelor of art
c. master’s
d. PhD

Answer 12

D. PhD

Question 13

13. The______ places less emphasis on research and more
    emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.
    a. PhD
    b. PsyD
    c. postdoctoral training program
    d. dissertation

Answer 13

B. PsyD

Question 14

14. Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?
    a. PhD
    b. PsyD
    c. master’s degree
    d. bachelor’s degree

Answer 14

D. Bachelors degree.

Question 15

15. One would need at least a(n) degree to serve as a school psychologist.

a. associate’s
b. bachelor’s
c. master’s
D. Doctoral

Answer 15

C. masters

Question 16

Why do you think psychology courses like this one are often requirements of so many different programs of study

Answer 16

Psychology courses deal with a number of issues that are helpful in a variety of settings. The text made mention of the type of skills as well as the knowledge base with which students of psychology become familiar as mentioned in the link to learning psychology is often helpful/valued and fields in which interacting with others is a major part of the job.

Question 17

Why do you think many people might be sceptical about psychology being a science?

Answer 17

One goal of psychology is the study of the mind science cannot directly study the mind because it is not a form of matter matter or energy. This might create some scepticism about the scientific nature of psychology.

Question 18

How did the object of study and psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

Answer 18

And it’s early days psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental processes. Overtime psychology begin to shift towards the scientific study of behavior, however, as cognitive revolution to cold psychology once again, begin to focus on mental processes as necessary to the understanding of behavior.

Question 19

In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviourist approach to psychology of reaction to?

Answer 19

Behaviour studied observable behavior,objectively partly in reaction to the psychologist of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable

Question 20

Given the incredible diversity among the various areas of psychology that were described in this section, how do they all fit together together?

Answer 20

Although the different perspectives all operate on different levels of analysis have different focal of interests and different methodological approaches all of these area focus on understanding and/or correcting patterns of thought and/or behaviour

Question 21

What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram’s research on obedience?

Answer 21

Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was, although no one was actually harmed in Milgram study. Many people have questioned the knowledge that you’d be willing to inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person simply because someone in authority told you to do so would affect someone’s self – concept and psychological health furthermore, the degree to which deception was used, and this particular study raises a few eyebrows.

Question 22

Why is an undergraduate education in psychology so helpful and a number of different lines of work

Answer 22

An undergraduate, education and psychology, homes critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.

Question 23

Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individual would continue to get a graduate degree in psychology

Answer 23

The graduate degree would be a strong guarantee of working in a psychology related field, and one would have a greater control over the speciality of that work it would allow want to practice in a clinical setting in general. It would allow someone to work in a more independent or supervisory capacity.

Question 24

1. Scientific hypotheses are________and falsifiable.
   a. observable
   b. original
   c. provable
   d. testable

Answer 24

D. Testable.

Question 25

2. ______ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviours b. facts c. opinions d.theories

Answer 25

B. Facts.

Question 26

3. Scientific knowledge is_________ a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective

Answer 26

B. empirical

Question 27

4. A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories a. were too limited in scope b. were too outrageous c. were too broad d. were not testable

Answer 27

D. Were not testable.

Question 28

5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

Answer 28

B. Case study.

Question 29

6. _______involves observing behaviour in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

Answer 29

C. Naturalistic observation.

Question 30

7. The major limitation of case studies is a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter-rater reliability

Answer 30

C. The inability to generate the findings from this approach to the larger population.

Question 31

8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

Answer 31

A. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting.

Question 32

8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

Answer 32

A. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting.

Question 33

9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________ a. naturalistic observation b. survey research c. longitudinal research d. archival research

Answer 33

D. Archival research.

Question 34

10.________involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. archival research b. longitudinal research c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional research

Answer 34

B. Longitudinal research.

Question 35

11. A(n) -_______is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. a. archive b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

Answer 35

D. Survey.

Question 36

12. Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of_________ a. deception b. observation c. attrition d. generalization

Answer 36

C.attrition

Question 37

13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: a. There is no relationship between height and weight. b. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are. c. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are. d. As height increases, typically weight increases.

Answer 37

D. As height increases typically weight increases.

Question 38

14. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. -90 b. -50 c. +.80 d. +.25

Answer 38

A. -90.

Question 39

15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. Smart students watch less television. c. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

Answer 39

D. students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

Question 40

16. The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when a. it is closest to 0 b. it is closest to -1 c. it is positive d. it is negative

Answer 40

Hey. It is closest to zero.

Question 41

17._________means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. a. operationalizing b. placebo effect c. random assignment d. random sampling

Answer 41

D. random sampling

Question 42

18. The ___________is controlled by the experimentent, while the _________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. placebo effect; experimenter bias d. experiment bias; placebo effect

Answer 42

B.independent variable; dependent variable

Question 43

19. Researchers must __________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. a. randomly assign b. randomly select c. operationalize d. generalize

Answer 43

C. operationalize

Question 44

20. Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n)________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. statistical analysis d. placebo

Answer 44

D. placebo

Question 45

21. _______is to animal research as________is to human research a. informed consent; deception b. IACUC; IRB c. IRB; IACUC d. deception; debriefing

Answer 45

B. IACUC; IRB

Question 46

22. Researchers might use when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. a. informed consent b. deception c. ethics d. debriefing

Answer 46

B.deception

Question 47

23. A person's participation in a research project must be a. random b. rewarded c. voluntary d.public

Answer 47

C.voluntary

Question 48

24. Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the form. a. informed consent b. debricfing c. IRB d. ethics

Answer 48

A. informed consent

Question 49

25. In this section, the D.A.R.E. program was described as an incredibly popular program in schools across the United States despite the fact that research consistently suggests that this program is largely ineffective. How might one explain this discrepancy?

Answer 49

There’s probably tremendous political pressure to appear to be hard on drugs therefore even though D.A.R.E.might be an effective. It is a well-known program with which voters are familiar.

Question 50

26. The scientific method is often described as self-correcting and cyclical. Briefly describe your understanding of the scientific method with regard to these concepts.

Answer 50

This cyclical self correcting process is primarily a function of the empirical nature of science theories are generated as explanations of real world phenomena from theories specific hypotheses are developed and tested as a function of this testing theories will be revisited and modified or refined to generate new hypotheses that are again tested this cyclical process ultimately allows for more and more precise (and presumably accurate) information to be collected

Question 51

27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particular research approach would be especially helpful and why?

Answer 51

Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions for instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then the case study approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful

Question 52

28. Presumably, reality television programs aim to provide a realistic portrayal of the behaviour displayed by the characters featured in such programs. This section pointed out why this is not really the case. What changes could be made in the way that these programs are produced that would result in more honest portrayals of realistic behaviour?

Answer 52

The behaviour displayed on these programs would be more realistic, if the cameras were mounted and hidden locations or if the people who appear on these programs did not know they were being recorded

Question 53

29. Which of the research methods discussed in this section would be best suited to research the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. program in preventing the use of alcohol and other drugs? Why?

Answer 53

Longitudinal research would be an excellent approach and studying the effectiveness of this program because it would follow students as they age to determine if their choices regarding alcohol and drugs, were affected by their participation in the program

Question 54

30. Aside from biomedical research, what other areas of research could greatly benefit by both longitudinal and archival research?

Answer 54

Answers will vary. Possibilities include research on hiring practises based on human resource records and research that follows former prisoners to determine if the time that they were incarcerated, provided any sort of positive influence on their likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour in the future.

Question 55

31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a correlation between eating cereal and weight.nCereal companies that present this information in their advertisements could lead someone to believe that eating more cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they make such a claim and what arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim?

Answer 55

The serial companies are trying to make a profit, so framing the research findings. In this way would improve their bottom line however, it could be that people who forego more fatty options for breakfast or health, conscious and engage in a variety of other behaviours that help them maintain a healthy weight

Question 56

32. Recently a study was published in the journal, Nutrition and Cancer, which established a negative correlation between coffee consumption and breast cancer. Specifically, it was found that women consuming more than 5 cups of coffee a day were less likely to develop breast cancer than women who never consumed coffee (Lowcock, Cotterchio, Anderson, Boucher, & El-Sohemy, 2013). Imagine you see a newspaper story about this research that says, "Coffee Protects Against Cancer." Why is this headline misleading and why would a more accurate headline draw less interest?

Answer 56

Using the word protects seems to suggest causation as a function of correlation if the headline were more accurate, it would be less interesting because indicating that two things are associated is less powerful than indicating that doing one thing causes a change in the other

Question 57

33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many researchers make use of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one popular convenience sample would involve students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses. What are the implications of using this sampling technique?

Answer 57

If research is limited to students enrolled in the introduction to psychology courses, then our ability to generalize to the larger population would be dramatically, reduced one could also argue that students enrolled in introduction to psychology courses may not be representative of the larger population of college students at their school, much less the larger general population

Question 58

34. Peer review is an important part of publishing research findings in many scientific disciplines. This process is normally conducted anonymously; in other words, the author of the article being reviewed does not know who is reviewing the article, and the reviewers are unaware of the author's identity. Why would this be an important part of this process?

Answer 58

Anonymity protects against personal biases interfering with the reviewers opinion of the research, allowing the reviewer to main anonymous would mean that they can be honest in their appraisal of the manuscript without fear of repraisal

Question 59

Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike human participants animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agree with this perspective given the animals do not consent to be involved in research projects what sort of extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment possible

Answer 59

In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects, place extra responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animals is treated as humanly as possible, and to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the advancement of science like human research, the animals themselves should also receive some of the benefits of the research and they do in the form of advanced veterinary medicine and so on

Question 60

36. At the end of the last section, you were asked to design a basic experiment to answer some question of interest. What ethical considerations should be made with the study you proposed to ensure that your experiment would conform to the scientific community's expectations of ethical research?

Answer 60

The research should be designed in such a way to adhere to the principles described in this section, depending on the type of study that was proposed