Chap. 05 Psych

Question 1

What does two spirit mean?

Answer 1

It is when you identify yourself with both genders, male and female.

Question 2

True or false

Indigenous people held equitable social status before colonization.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or False

Indigenous communities starting in Canada and now in the United States are urging both governments to conduct reports and issue formal statements about the abuse in general at the boarding schools and how this abuse caused the death of Indigenous children and adults.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or False

Sex and gender are often considered not closely associated.

Answer 4

False
They are considered closely associated but they hold very distinct meanings.

Question 5

What is sex?

Answer 5

It refers to the biological aspects of a person.

Question 6

What is gender?

Answer 6

It is a social construct that is presumed after sex assignment and encompasses labels like masculinity and femininity and related behaviours.

Question 7

What is gender influenced by?

Answer 7

Body, identity and social factors

Question 8

The body dimensions involve what?

Answer 8

• how we experience our physical bodies,
• how society assigns genders to bodies, and
• how others interact with us based on our bodies.

Question 9

What is gender is gender identity?

Answer 9

It is our internal perception and expression of who we are.

Question 10

Gender encompasses both _____ _________ and the ________ __ _______.

Answer 10

social gender and influence of others

Question 11

What is gender expression?

Answer 11

It involves communication of gender through clothing, hairstyles and behaviour.

Question 12

True or False

Socialization is carried out by individuals outside the child, including parents, grandparents, siblings, teachers, media, religious figures, friends, and the community.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is gender congruence?

Answer 13

It means feeling a sense of harmony in our gender.

Question 14

What are 4 ways that we could attain gender congruence?

Answer 14

Social – Changing one’s clothes, hairstyle, and name and/or pronouns.

Hormonal – Using hormone blockers or hormone therapy to bring about physical, mental, and/or emotional alignment.

Surgical – When gender-related physical traits are added, removed, or modified.

Legal – Changing one’s birth certificate or driver’s license.

Question 15

True or False

How someone dresses or behaves is related to gender expression, and we cannot determine their sexual orientation based on these characteristics.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What composes the gender spectrum?

Answer 16

Agender
Cisgender
FtM
Gender dysphoria
Genderfluid
Gender role
Genderqueer
MtF
Non–binary
Transgender

Question 17

What is gender equality?

Answer 17

“the absence of discrimination based on a person’s sex in opportunities, the allocation of resources and benefits, or access to services”

Question 18

What is gender equity?

Answer 18

“the fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men.”

Question 19

What is the Psychoanalytical Theories?

Answer 19

The center of Karen Horney’s Neo-Freudian theory is that individuals need a safe and nurturing environment.

Question 20

What is the gender socialization theory?

Answer 20

Focus on the social, environmental, and cultural aspects of gender identity development

Early Life – intermodal gender knowledge

Parents – socialize children to gender long before they understand

Peers – strong influences regarding gender and how children play

Media and Advertising – men strong/ women weak

School Influences – educators’ focus can have lasting impacts!

Question 21

What are the two social theories?

Answer 21

• Social Learning Theory – model behaviour
• Social Cognitive Theory – monitor others’ reactions + direct instruction

Question 22

What are the two cognitive theories?

Answer 22

Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory

• Children as active agents in their socialization
• Gender constancy

Gender Schema Theory

• We use outlines/templates about gender to guide our behaviours and actions
• Stereotype-consistent/inconsistent

Question 23

What are the three biological theories?

Answer 23

Evolution Theories

sex-based explanations

• adapt and increase the chances of reproduction.

kinship-based explanations

• survival of the fittest among those living in groups as a means of protection + survival.

socio-cognitive explanations

-We use our cognitive abilities to create things, thus we change our environment
-What behaviours/assets are necessary for survival = gendered roles.

Genetic-based Theories

• Predisposed to gendered behaviour and identification

Epigenetics

• Things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA

Question 24

What does gender dysphoria mean?

Answer 24

an intense feeling that one’s sex assigned at birth based on genital presentation does not match the way they feel about themselves.

Question 25

What are ways to properly become transgender?

Answer 25

Hormone blockers before puberty and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Question 26

Are these both true or false?

Gender socialization and the ways we have internalized aspects of gender shape our behaviour and the way we engage with others.

Gender stereotypes and biases are present, and we must analyze them to promote individual and community healing.

Answer 26

Both True