Chap. 05 Psych Flashcards
What does two spirit mean?
It is when you identify yourself with both genders, male and female.
True or false
Indigenous people held equitable social status before colonization.
True
True or False
Indigenous communities starting in Canada and now in the United States are urging both governments to conduct reports and issue formal statements about the abuse in general at the boarding schools and how this abuse caused the death of Indigenous children and adults.
True
True or False
Sex and gender are often considered not closely associated.
False
They are considered closely associated but they hold very distinct meanings.
What is sex?
It refers to the biological aspects of a person.
What is gender?
It is a social construct that is presumed after sex assignment and encompasses labels like masculinity and femininity and related behaviours.
What is gender influenced by?
Body, identity and social factors
The body dimensions involve what?
- how we experience our physical bodies,
- how society assigns genders to bodies, and
- how others interact with us based on our bodies.
What is gender is gender identity?
It is our internal perception and expression of who we are.
Gender encompasses both _____ _________ and the ________ __ _______.
social gender and influence of others
What is gender expression?
It involves communication of gender through clothing, hairstyles and behaviour.
True or False
Socialization is carried out by individuals outside the child, including parents, grandparents, siblings, teachers, media, religious figures, friends, and the community.
True
What is gender congruence?
It means feeling a sense of harmony in our gender.
What are 4 ways that we could attain gender congruence?
Social – Changing one’s clothes, hairstyle, and name and/or pronouns.
Hormonal – Using hormone blockers or hormone therapy to bring about physical, mental, and/or emotional alignment.
Surgical – When gender-related physical traits are added, removed, or modified.
Legal – Changing one’s birth certificate or driver’s license.
True or False
How someone dresses or behaves is related to gender expression, and we cannot determine their sexual orientation based on these characteristics.
True
What composes the gender spectrum?
Agender
Cisgender
FtM
Gender dysphoria
Genderfluid
Gender role
Genderqueer
MtF
Non–binary
Transgender
What is gender equality?
“the absence of discrimination based on a person’s sex in opportunities, the allocation of resources and benefits, or access to services”
What is gender equity?
“the fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men.”
What is the Psychoanalytical Theories?
The center of Karen Horney’s Neo-Freudian theory is that individuals need a safe and nurturing environment.
What is the gender socialization theory?
Focus on the social, environmental, and cultural aspects of gender identity development
Early Life – intermodal gender knowledge
Parents – socialize children to gender long before they understand
Peers – strong influences regarding gender and how children play
Media and Advertising – men strong/ women weak
School Influences – educators’ focus can have lasting impacts!
What are the two social theories?
- Social Learning Theory – model behaviour
- Social Cognitive Theory – monitor others’ reactions + direct instruction
What are the two cognitive theories?
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Children as active agents in their socialization
- Gender constancy
Gender Schema Theory
- We use outlines/templates about gender to guide our behaviours and actions
- Stereotype-consistent/inconsistent
What are the three biological theories?
Evolution Theories
sex-based explanations
- adapt and increase the chances of reproduction.
kinship-based explanations
- survival of the fittest among those living in groups as a means of protection + survival.
socio-cognitive explanations
-We use our cognitive abilities to create things, thus we change our environment
-What behaviours/assets are necessary for survival = gendered roles.
Genetic-based Theories
- Predisposed to gendered behaviour and identification
Epigenetics
- Things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA
What does gender dysphoria mean?
an intense feeling that one’s sex assigned at birth based on genital presentation does not match the way they feel about themselves.
