Chap. 04 Psych.

Question 1

What is the process in which genitals and reproductive organs develop within the womb?

Answer 1

Sex differentiation

Question 2

What is the state of the male and female fetuses during the embryonic development?

Answer 2

They are indistinguishable before around 10 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 3

Is it true or false that most reproductive parts are comparable in other sex that arose from the same original tissue.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which hormones are released from where in the body that are responsible for the maturation of the reproductive systems and the development of secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 4

Hypothalamus (GnRH)
Anterior pituitary (LH and FSH)
Gonads (testosterone or estrogen)

Question 5

What are the factors that can affect the age of onset of puberty?

Answer 5

Genetic, Environment, Psychological Stress, Nutrition (body fat (puberty earlier) and lean/highly active (puberty later))

Question 6

True or False

Hormones of Puberty During puberty, the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones in both male and female adolescents.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What are secondary sexual characteristics for girls?

Answer 7

1. The development of the breast tissue
2. The growth of the axillary and pubic hair
3. 9 to 11 a growth spurt begins and may last 2 years or more (3 inches a year)
4. The start of menstruation

Question 8

What are secondary sexual characteristics for boys?

Answer 8

1. The growth of the testis
2. The growth and pigmentation of the scrotum and growth of the penis
   3.The growth of hair (armpit, pubic, chest and facial hair)
3. Testosterone stimulates the growth of the larynx and the thickening and lengthening of the vocal folds, which causes the voice to drop in pitch.
4. The first fertile ejaculations typically appear at approximately 15 years of age, but this age can vary widely across individual boys.
5. The growth spurt occurs toward the end of puberty, at approximately age 11 to 13, and a boy’s height can increase as much as 4 inches a year.

Question 9

What is helpful for transgender individuals during puberty to prevent the development of inappropriate secondary sex characteristics that may evoke dysphoria?

Answer 9

Hormone blockers

Question 10

What is the egg production and fetal development ?

Answer 10

Ovary: females have two ovaries that are the site of egg production, and, if an egg is fertilized, the site of the corpus luteum. The ovary produces hormones estrogen and progesterone and testosterone.

Corpus luteum: the site of egg maturation within the ovary. After ovulation (release of the egg) the corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain a possible pregnancy.

Uterus: this muscle-lined, triangular organ is where a fertilized egg implants and develops. This organ develops a thick blood lining and sheds this lining on a monthly cycle.

Question 11

What is the transportation of eggs, sperm and embryos?

Answer 11

Vagina: a highly expandable pouch structure that serves as the opening of the female reproductive tract to outside the body. The vagina is the point of sperm entry, and the point of exit for unfertilized eggs, menstrual discharge and for babies, if pregnant and having a vaginal delivery.

Cervix: the opening between the vagina and the uterus. The size of this opening varies from tightly closed – to open for the passage of sperm, to open enough for a baby to pass through.

Oviducts (sometimes called fallopian tubes): these ducts transport mature eggs from the ovary toward the uterus. If a sperm and egg are in the oviduct at the same time, the egg can be fertilized by a sperm.

Question 12

What are the female reproductive anatomy exterior structures?

Answer 12

Vulva: a general term for the exterior parts surrounding the vagina, including the labia majora and labia minora, which are the folds of skin on either side of the clitoris, urethra, and vagina. Often this term is overlooked, with folks referring to the vulva as “vagina,” which is the internal structure. It’s OK and more accurate to say vulva when referring to the external structure. Importantly, the structure and appearance of the vulva may vary widely. There’s no “one size fits all” when it comes to the vulva and diversity in appearance needs to be celebrated.

Clitoris: the sensitive nerve-rich organ that is analogous to the head of the penis. The part of the clitoris that is visible outside the body is dorsal to (closer to the belly) the urethra and the vagina). The interior part of the clitoris extends internally along either side of the vagina.

Question 13

What are the pair of glands that are on the front wall of the vagina and their duct empty into the urethra?

Answer 13

The Skene’s Glands

Question 14

What vagina section is this?

• A large area located on the front vaginal wall
• Extremely pleasurable area for some women and for others it is not very arousing
• Some females ejaculate a fluid very similar to male prostate fluid from their urethras

Answer 14

The Grafenberg spot (The G spot)

Question 15

What are the three phases of the monthly female reproductive cycle?

Answer 15

The follicular phase, the ovulation and the luteal phase

Question 16

What do we call the cessation of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

Menopause

Completed menopause = 1 year w/o menstruation.
- Average = 50-52 years of age.
- Factors to menopause early: Poor health & smoking 

Question 17

What is the procedure that tests for cervical cancer in women?

Answer 17

The Pap test/ pap smear

This is when a speculum is inserted into the vagina and then opened up slightly.
Then, with a stick a specimen is collected by scraping gently the cervix to collect cells that will be examined under a microscope.

Question 18

What?

Involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitals for cultural/non-therapeutic reasons.
Approximately 15% of women worldwide have been circumcised.
Common in East and West Africa, Yemen, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates…
Increasingly practised in Europe, Canada, Australia, and the US (may send children back to home country to have the procedure).
Many negative health consequences occur from this procedure…
Illegal in Canada!

Answer 18

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Question 19

What does the male reproductive anatomy involve?

Answer 19

It involves the organs and glands that produce sperm, create semen to transport sperm, and conduct this liquid semen out of the body. Semen production involves the work of accessory glands, each responsible for the production of one or more key ingredients of semen.

Question 20

How is sperm production done?

Answer 20

Testis: males typically have two testes (also called testicles), which, in humans, descend from the abdomen during fetal development and are enclosed outside the abdomen in the scrotum. Each testis houses many tube-like structures (the seminiferous tubules) in which sperm are made. Specialized cells (the Leydig cells) in the testes produce testosterone.

Scrotum: a pouch of skin that holds the testes that contract or expand to adjust the distance the testes are from the body to regulate their temperature.

Seminiferous tubules: these structures within the testes are the actual sites of sperm production.

Epididymis: this rubbery device sits astride the testis. Sperm mature here and are stored prior to ejaculation (when sperm-bearing semen leaves the body, typically during orgasm).

Question 21

How is semen production done?

Answer 21

Seminal vesicles: these two glands produce an alkaline (basic) fluid that can neutralize the acidity of the vagina. This fluid contains fructose and other nutrients to provide energy for the sperm.

Bulbourethral (or Cowper’s) glands: these two glands provide a mucus-rich alkaline fluid that lubricates the inside of the urethra to allow for easier passage of sperm and neutralizes the urethra (urine residue is acidic). Some of this fluid exits the penis before ejaculation (this pre-ejaculate fluid can also contain sperm). The remainder of the fluid combines with the semen ejaculate.

Prostate gland: this organ wraps around the urethra and provides muscular contractions that help propel semen during ejaculation and block urine flow from the bladder during ejaculation. It also provides fluid in the ejaculate that contains enzymes and zinc that aid in sperm motility.

Question 22

How is sperm/semen transported?

Answer 22

Ductus (or vas) deferens: this pair of muscle-lined tubes carry sperm from the epididymis of each testis into the abdominal cavity where they loop over the bladder and join with the ducts from the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory ducts. The muscles that line the ductus deferens contract to propel semen during ejaculation.

Ejaculatory ducts: these ducts are formed by the joining of the vas deference with the duct from the seminal vesicle. Each ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra.

Penis: the organ that encircles the urethra as the urethra exits the abdomen. This organ changes from flaccid (soft and limp) to erect (rigid and standing away from the body) during sexual arousal or spontaneously. In uncircumcised men the penis has a fold of skin called a foreskin that during the flaccid state, covers the head of the penis, and during the erect state retracts behind the glans (or head) of the penis.

Urethra: the tube that runs from the bladder through the penis through which urine and semen exit the body.

Question 23

What does intersex mean?

Answer 23

Its when people are born with different chromosome patterns then XX and XY.