Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Geography > Changing Urban Environments > Flashcards

Changing Urban Environments Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

Define ‘urbanisation’.

A

Rural areas becoming towns/cities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State 6 Push factors for rural to urban migration

A
  • Mechanisation of agriculture [economic]
  • Lack of transport links [social/economic]- Poor pay/ lack of career opportunities [economic]
  • Access to clean water + fresh food [social]
  • Fleeing from conflict/ persecution [political/social]
  • Isolation [social]
  • Environmental reasons (e.g. flooding, forests being chopped down, mining) [environmental]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State 11 pull factors for rural to urban migration

A
  • More jobs/ economic opportunities [economic]
  • Better healthcare, education, social services etc. [social]
  • Bright Lights Syndrome [social/economic]
  • Better standard of living [social/economic]
  • Greater equality [social]- Improved communication [social]
  • Transport links [social/economic]
  • Better quality housing (in some areas) [social/environmental]- Improved infrastructure [social]
  • More sites available for development [economic/environmental]
  • Increased access to raw materials [economic/environmental]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 areas of the Burgess model?

A
  • Central Bussiness District (CBD)
  • Inner City
  • Suburbs
  • Rural-Urban Fringe.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does ‘CBD’ stand for?

A

Central Business District.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Zone A of the Burgess Model. (I.e. Give an example + describe land use)

A

CBD

Example: Broadmead/Cabbot Circus

  • Shopping (large chain stores)
  • Cinemas, clubs, restaurants
  • Business headquarters
  • Offices
  • Multi-storey carparks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Zone B of the Burgess Model. (I.e. Give an example + describe land use)

A

Inner City

Example: Stokes Croft/Harbourside

  • Small shops (corner shops)
  • Small cafes + restaurants
  • Housing (terraced)
  • Brownfield sites + abandoned buildings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Zone C of the Burgess Model. (I.e. Give an example + describe land use)

A

Suburbs

Bemmie/Southville/Knowle/Clifton/Totterdown

  • Large semi-detached family houses
  • Corner shops- Schools
  • Parks/gardens
  • Small, local trainstations
  • High street shops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Zone D of the Burgess Model. (I.e. Give an example + describe land use)

A

Rural-Urban Fringe

Abbots Leigh/Long Ashton/Pill

  • Woodlands + fields (sometimes farmland)
  • Large parks
  • Small villages
  • Housing often large + detached
  • Small, local businesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 key issues for people living in urban areas in richer parts of the world?

A
  • Housing
  • Inner City Decline
  • Traffic
  • Decentralisation + CBD Decline
  • Multiculturalism + segregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the demand for housing increasing?

A
  • People living longer + occupying houses for longer (ageing population)
  • Divorce rates increasing + people marrying later (smaller household + more of them)
  • Lack of space but people want more
  • UK pop has increased by 7% since 1971. In 2021, population of ENGLAND will be 52.5 million.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define ‘gentrification’.

A

Wealthier residents moving in + ‘raising standards’ by spending money + investing money into local economy. Encourages others to do the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can be do to solve the housing crisis?

A
  • Split up existing housing into smaller housing (e.g. splitting up a large terraced house)
  • Build more houses! Preferably smaller ones.
  • Build on brownfield or greenfield sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the advantages of building on brownfield land?

A
  • Existing utilities e.g. water pipelines
  • Already connected to infrastructure through roads etc.
  • Commuting quicker
  • Easier to get planning permission
  • No other use
  • Can help regenerate deprived areas
  • Access to central shops + faccilities in Inner City + CBD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the advantages of building on greenfield land?

A
  • No restrictions regarding exisiting road network/infrastructure
  • No demolision required
  • More pleasant - in the countryside
  • More room, especially for family housing + gardens
  • Cheaper to purchase, so more profit + plots can be larger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the disadvtanges of building on greenfield land?

A
  • Can destroy wildlife habitat
  • Harder to get planning permission
  • Longer commute
  • Can put pressure on smaller local shops
  • No exisiting utlities
  • Lots of opposition normally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?

A
  • May have to demolish existing buildings
  • Infrastructure restrictions
  • Less space than greenfield sites
  • Area may be deprived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the inner city improvements carried out by Urban Development Corporations in London

A
  • 25,000 new homes
  • New health centres
  • New schools
  • Docklands Light Railway (DLR)
  • 2000 businesses
  • 85,000 employed in area
  • Area now recognised as UK’s economic heart
19
Q

Describe the inner city improvements carried out in Hulme, Manchester

A

1970s:

  • Slums demolishes, ‘cresent’ low-rise flats built
  • No sense of community generated
  • Led to anti-social behaviour, crime, keys given out to anyone, infested with vermin
  • Not heated properly due to oil crisis

1990s - City Challenge:

  • Replaced with 2/3 storey flats and family housing - 2000 new
  • Hulme Arch bridge + new road infrastructure
  • Regeneration of Princess Road
  • Ne park + youth centre
  • Birley Fields Bussiness Park
20
Q

Why is traffic increasing in richer urbanised parts of the world?

A
  • Increased demand for personal mobility
  • Car ownership has skyrocketed - 27% of households have 1+ cars
21
Q

Why is traffic a problem?

A
  • Air pollution
  • Noise pollution
  • Buildings discoloured
  • Health problems (e.g. asthma)
  • Unsightly
  • Reduces productivity
22
Q

What are the positives and negatives of the London Congestion Zone?

A
  • Cuts down pollution
  • Persuades people to use public + alternative transport
  • Reduces traffic
  • Income for the city

BUT

  • £8 a day - too expensive? Just a flat tax?
  • Moves problem to inner suburbs
  • Financially affects bussinesses + tourism
23
Q

What are the positives and negatives of the Park & Ride in Bristol?

A
  • Cheaper than CBD parking
  • Reduces traffic flow
  • Reduces pollution
  • Encourages use of public transport
  • Community cohesion
  • Income for city

BUT

  • Increases traffic around Park & Ride sites
  • Weather - waiting for bus
  • Not guaranteed a seat - not as comfy as a car journey
  • Initial cost of buses
24
Q

What are the positives and negatives of using alternative fuels for transport?

A
  • Hydrogen vehicles are zero emission vehicles

BUT

  • Cheapest way to produce hydrogen is still to use fossil fuels
  • Lack of hydrogen fueling stations

In Bristol, the ‘Poo Bus’ is used, but only on the number 2 route

25
Q

Describe the Resident’s Parking Scheme in Bristol

A
  • Aims to ban commuters from parking in residential streets during the day in the hope of reducing congestion in the city
  • Parking charges - £48 for 1st permit, £96 for 2nd, £146 for 3rd
  • Runs at set times of day on certain days
26
Q

Describe car sharing in Bristol as a scheme to manage traffic problems

A
  • Designated 2+ lanes on arterial routes into Bristol
  • Provides an incentive as they are less congested
  • E.g. A370 from Backwell
  • Fines if only 1 person in car
27
Q

Why does segregation occur?

A
  • Language barriers
  • Access to places of worship
  • Saftey in numbers
28
Q

How does Manchester City Council combat segregation?

A

Works with Roma communitites through Manchester University to train them to become classroom assistants and interpreters

29
Q

How does Cumbria City Council combat segregation?

A

Councillors are now trained in equality awareness following complaints

30
Q

What is the Runnymede (London) Trust’s Race Equality Scorecard?

A

Project which monitors race inequality at local level across seven indications including employment and health

31
Q

How is segregation dealt with in Leeds?

A

Free gym/sports club membership for minorities.

Encourgaes community cohesion

32
Q

Describe how the redevelopment of Broadmead in Bristol helped regenerate the CBD and combat decentrilisation

A
  • Bussiness Improvement district
  • 2008, BID1 redeveloped store fronts in Broadmean
  • BID2 focussed on environmental maintenance and marketing
  • Increased footfall
  • Cabot Circus new face of central Bristol + creation of ‘Bristol Shopping Quarter’
  • Bristol Alliance - spent £500 million redeveloping CBD
33
Q

Name, locate, and describe the characteristics of a squatter settlement you have studied.

A

Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya

  • 1 million people, densely populated
  • 1m floor space per resident
  • Outskirts of city on flood-prone land
  • 80% unemployed or informal employment
  • HIV/AIDS rate on of the highest in Africa
  • Poor sanitary conditions + little infrastructure - low standard of living
  • No running water, only 20% has electricity
34
Q

Describe how the ‘DIY’ strategy has helped residents in Kibera improve their lives and living conditions

A
  • Locals illlegally tap into mains grid to provide electricty for homes
  • Over time, structure, quality, and materials of houses are improved. Flimsy plasitics + corrugated iron are replaced with wood and bricks. Primative structures made more permanent + sturdy
  • Informal employment. One resident sells wheelbarrows with car tyres.
35
Q

Describe how the Assisted Self Help has helped residents in Kibera improve their lives and living conditions

A
  • Nathan Collett’s Kirbera Film School. Educated + skills up residents through practical film making. Highlight issues through films - Kibera Kid
  • Andre Leenheer’s Muay Thai boxers at Coliseum Gym. Channels positive energy + learn discipline
  • Local authority beginning to provide finance, sanitation, water
36
Q

Describe how the international help has helped residents in Kibera improve their lives and living conditions

A
  • Kibera UK - Gap year company. Students assist with slum upgrading + work with local people and organisations
  • 2011 Comic Relief sent celebrities to live there. Reggie Yates + Lennie Henry.
37
Q

Describe how the site and service/relocation has helped residents in Kibera improve their lives and living conditions

A
  • Kenya Slum Upgrading Project (KENSUP)
  • Relocation - residents moved from homes to decanting sites
  • Site + Service - Slums improved/rebuilt. Connected to mains, sewers, electricity
  • Residents move back in and pay a monthly rent
38
Q

Describe the attempts to solve urban problems in Mexico

A

Problem: Air Pollution, Mexico City

  • 3 million cars per day
  • Industrial pollutants - rapid urbanisation/industrilisation meant laws + regulations unenforced + ingnored
  • Catalytic converters
  • Only odd/even plates on alloted days
  • Tighter emissions testing during MOT
  • Pollutant Release + Transfer Register
  • Low sulphur coal
39
Q

Describe the attempts to solve urban problems in Bhopal, India

A

Problem: Toxic Waste Disposal

  • 1984 - World’s worst industrial accident. Union Carbide plant leaked MIC, killed 3000 + 50,000 permanent disabilities
  • Pressure groups campaign to TNCs and gov. for safer disposal + greater regulation
  • Stricter laws but not always enforced
40
Q

Describe the attempts to solve urban problems in Bangalore, India

A

Problem: E-Waste Disposal

  • Poor burn + melt electronic goods to extract valuble metals
  • During this process they inhale poisonous chemicals, leading to health problems
  • Small team of safety inspectors to cover entire city - inadequate
  • Greenpeace campaigns against manufacturers
  • EnviroPhone encourage people to use more eco-friendly alternatives
41
Q

Describe the attempts to solve urban problems in Shagnhai, China

A

Problem: Rapid Industrialisation

  • Construction industry creates 30,000 tonnes of waste per day
  • 73% of city’s electricity from coal fired power stations
  • CO2 emissions cause health, visiblity, and environmental problems
  • 400,000 die annually
  • 4 million cublic metres of human shit entrer Huangpu River per day
  • Now uses low sulphur coal
42
Q

Describe the attempts to solve the urban problems created by the Three Gorges Dam in China

A

Problem: Water Pollution

  • Cost $39 billion
  • 265 billion gallons raw sewage dumped in Yangtze annually
  • Reservoir flooded 1600 abandoned factories, mines, dumps, potential toxic waste sites
  • Yangtze flows through several city centres, including Shanghai
  • Plastic bags, bottles, animal corpses, tress, other debris collect behind dam
  • Most polluted reservoir in the world
43
Q

Describe how Bristol aims to encourage sustainable urban living

A
  • Conserving historic, cultural, and natural environment
  • Reducing + safely disposing of waste
  • Provding adequate open spaces
  • Involving locals
  • Providing an efficient public transport system
44
Q

Describe how Curitiba in Brazil encourages sustainable urban living

A

Transport - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

  • No one lives more than 400m from bus stop
  • Recycled waste traded for bus tokens + flat fare
  • 2 million passengers per day - 80% commuters use

Recycling

  • 75% of city’s waste recycled

Green Spaces

  • 1000 green parks - built on old quarries. 52m2 per person
  • Sheep graze + small farms for growing own food

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions