Changing Places

Question 1

Location

Answer 1

Where a place is on a map

Question 2

Locale

Answer 2

What happens there or has particular things associated with it
We behave a particular way in these places according to social rules

Question 3

Sense of place

Answer 3

The subjective and emotional attachment to a place, developed through experience

Question 4

Three approaches to place

Answer 4

Descriptive - the idea that the world is a set of places and each one can be studied and is distinct
Social constructionist - sees place as a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time period
Phenomenological approach - interested in personal individual experiences

Question 5

Insider perspective

Answer 5

Have a stronger relationship with the places they are familiar with
This is why people living within a place are more likely to oppose developments within their hometowns - not in my backyard

Question 6

Outsider perspective

Answer 6

Sense of place is more vague and abstract
Often look to discover more about the area, however, can feel out of place

Question 7

4 categories of place

Answer 7

Near + far (geographical and emotional distance)
Experienced - somewhere that a person has spent time in
Media - only seen in TV/film and can be put across by the media (e.g. Happy Valley does not give accurate representation of Hebden Bridge)

Question 8

Time-space convergence

Answer 8

The impression that distances between 2 locations have decreased due to developments in transport and communication

Question 9

Birmingham and Peaky Blinders - media place

Answer 9

Put across as being dirty, industrial city with lots of crime, lack of security and economic inequality
People may relate to it through historical or familial links and community spirit between poorer demographics
In reality, still a lot of industry in Birmingham but overall better quality of life than represented

Question 10

Endogenous factors

Answer 10

Characteristics which have originated internally
May include aspects of the site or land on which the place is built, such as height, relief, drainage, soil type, geology, the availability of resources, and aspect
Historically the character of place was heavily affected by endogenous factors e.g. mining or coastal towns

Question 11

Exogenous factors

Answer 11

Characteristics which have originated externally
May include links to or influences from other places, distances from / routeways to other / accessibility of the place.
Flows of income, people, investment
Original character of many has changed because of the exogenous influences that have occurred over time

Question 12

How is globalisation affecting the character of places

Answer 12

Some argue globalisation has made sense less important as it is eroding local cultures and producing identical or homogenised places
Clone town settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores

Question 13

Advantages of clone towns

Answer 13

May be cheaper than local stores
Bring investment into the area
More likely to survive → job security
Buildings could be left derelict if not for chains

Question 14

Disadvantages of clone towns

Answer 14

Reduces identity of an area
Forces local shops out of business (Totnes town petitioned to keep Costa Coffee from opening on the high street)
Profit going out of the area

Question 15

Conflict in places

Answer 15

May arise when people resist changes focused on their place
e.g.
The redevelopment of areas of East London for the 2012 Olympic Games was not welcomed by everybody
Proposed housing estates, landfill sites, wind farms and bypasses can all create tensions

Question 16

Government policies in changing places

Answer 16

Regeneration schemes - development of infrastructure - housing, leisure opportunities, business opportunities - attracts business
Financial incentives and enterprise zones - attracts businesses, maybe MNC’s which bring investment into the area - improved infrastructure. Increase in tertiary sector jobs and positive multiplier effect

Question 17

Multinational corporations in changing places

Answer 17

Closure of factories and movement of production (e.g. Honda closed Swindon factory to move to Japan in 2019) - loss of job opportunities - ex factory workers may be underqualified for other jobs. May reduce money in the area, causing dereliction
Decision to locate shops in towns/cities - may cause conflict within the area. May threaten independent stores who can’t compete with MNC prices

Question 18

International/global institutions - changing places

Answer 18

In 2020, the World Bank was running 24 development projects in Haiti - reconstruction and redevelopment following earthquakes
Sustainable development goals (UN) - could improve environmental quality of urban areas

Question 19

Shifting flows of people - tourism
Impacts of economic characteristics
Impact on social inequality
Place example

Answer 19

Tourism sector jobs are seasonal and low paying
Increase house prices
Investment in property - community spirit
Transport networks
Move away from primary sector
Inequality - poorer people living in an area but well-off people going on holiday
e.g.
British seaside towns - Scarborough
Magaluf

Question 20

Shifting flows of people - migration
Impacts of economic characteristics
Impact on social inequality
Place example

Answer 20

Increase in labour supply
Increase in tax → investment
Wage gap may lead to conflict between migrants and locals
Leeds - Alwoodley or Moortown
Brick Lane

Question 21

Shifting flows of resources - natural resources
Impacts of economic characteristics
Impact on social inequality
Place example

Answer 21

Brings money into local economy
Improved transport links
Ability to trade
Employment opportunities
Wealth may not be evenly distributed
Finite resources
Resource dependency
Oil providing countries - UAE

Question 22

Shifting flows of resources - farming
Impacts of economic characteristics
Impact on social inequality
Place example

Answer 22

Low paid employment in primary sector
Reduction in available taxes (due to low income industry)
Competition between farmers can lead to conflict
Low wages can lead to poorer QoL
Kenya

Question 23

Shifting flows of money and investment - deindustrialisation
Impacts of economic characteristics
Impact on social inequality
Place example

Answer 23

People are underqualified for new tertiary jobs
Job losses
Lead to poverty
London 1970s

Question 24

Shifting flows of money and investment - industrialisation
Impacts of economic characteristics
Impact on social inequality
Place example

Answer 24

Employment opportunities
Increased taxes
Increased investment
Improves income and QoL
London 1890s
Mumbai

Question 25

Shifting flows of money and investment - regeneration Impacts of economic characteristics Impact on social inequality Place example

Answer 25

Employment opportunities Increased taxes and investment Improves income and QoL London 1990s

Question 26

Shifting flows of ideas - westernisation Impacts of economic characteristics Impact on social inequality Place example

Answer 26

Employment opportunities in tertiary sector Increased taxes and investment Homogenisation of culture Cultural dilution Divisions in terms of wealth and feeling of worth Mumbai

Question 27

Shifting flows of ideas - technology Impacts of economic characteristics Impact on social inequality Place example

Answer 27

Increased wealth due to ease of financial transactions Easier trade Employment opportunities Employment but could be Unemployment due to AI Social division in terms of age gap Mumbai London Silicon Valley

Question 28

Meaning

Answer 28

Relates to the individual or collective perceptions of place

Question 29

Representation

Answer 29

Relates to how a place is portrayed or seen in society

Question 30

Influences on the perception of place

Answer 30

Media Personal experience Word of mouth Education Advertisements Historical + political relationships Historical events Perceptions of international places tend to be influenced more by the media than personal experiences Governments are keen to attract investment and want a positive place perception External agencies are being employed at a local scale to promote place

Question 31

Place marketing

Answer 31

Government strategy May be employed by national and local governments Includes ad campaigns, social media, websites, newsletters, logos e.g. Weston super-mare Ad campaigns, official website, logo

Question 32

Rebranding

Answer 32

Government strategy Used to discard negative perceptions of a place Aim to make somewhere desirable for living and visit e.g. Amsterdam Threatened by competition from other cities, socio-economic decline and liberal reputation 'I Amsterdam' sign photographed 8000 times per day

Question 33

Re-imaging

Answer 33

Surface-level perception change Linked to rebranding, reimaging seeks to discard negative perceptions of a place and generate a new, positive set of ideas, feelings, and attitudes e.g. Liverpool Industrial heritage - turning negative imagery to celebrating culture Tate Liverpool

Question 34

Corporate bodies

Answer 34

An organisation that is identified by a particular name e.g. Visit Britain Many will have an interest in place but some will want to manipulate perceptions of place Use promotional materials such as brochures, videos, websites, ads

Question 35

Community and local groups

Answer 35

May take an active role in managing + improving the perception of their place to attract investment and improve opportunities within the area Regeneration and rebranding strategies often involved local people who have insider experience

Question 36

Lack of community involvement in UDCs

Answer 36

UDCs were top-down organisations - community projects were not taken into account and so key stakeholders had no say in the development

Question 37

Single regeneration budget - 1994

Answer 37

Funding was granted to organisations who could demonstrate that they had a significant level of public involvement

Question 38

Benefits of community involvement

Answer 38

Can be seen as positive as community players can identify regeneration priorities and help manage potential conflicts Residents' initiative and engagement mean that projects can have a longer life as the organisational capacity will remain and grow Can empower specific groups in communities suffering from deprivation or social exclusion

Question 39

Barriers to community involvement

Answer 39

Power balance - lack of balance between players who bring financial resources and those who don't Capacity building - training to be able to participate in meetings. Address civic opportunity gap where groups in society feel isolated from community projects Ring-fenced funding - needs to be money allocated specifically for the purpose of community involvement Time - must be time available to access training there is a perception that community engagement slows the process down Representation of key groups - some community groups may have more time to commit to groups (e.g. retirees) which may lead to overrepresentation

Question 40

Sources of representation - maps

Answer 40

Locate but also impact how we think or feel about a place Counter-mapping describes a bottom up process where people produce their own maps, informed by their own knowledge + understanding of a place

Question 41

Sources of representation - interviews

Answer 41

Can generate detailed insights about a person's sense of place or perception - first hand Interviewer bias - the interview may affect responses through leading questions People like to present themselves in a favourable light

Question 42

Sources of representation - art

Answer 42

Most famously seen in 18th and 19th century landscape painting - may reflect a romantic vision Art may be more likely to be misinterpreted Can reflect artist's sense of place

Question 43

Sources of representation - TV and film

Answer 43

Crime dramas in cities but not all crime occurs in cities Same place can be represented differently by different shows

Question 44

Sources of representation - music

Answer 44

Types of music can be associated with geographical areas - reggae Song lyrics may portray particular place - Empire State of Mind, Alicia Keys

Question 45

Sources of representation - textual sources

Answer 45

May evoke a sense of place with the reader some places become strongly associated with a particular author e.g. Bronte country

Question 46

Sources of representation - photographs

Answer 46

Can easily be photoshopped Reality may be affected by weather, time or season Photos can be selective in what they show

Question 47

Sources of representation - poetry

Answer 47

Famous poets associated with particular places - William Wordsworth Allows reader to imagine what it is like to be in that place

Question 48

Sources of representation - statistics

Answer 48

Reveals basic information about places UK census collected every 10 years by ONS Can be selectively chosen Doesn't tell us about human experience

Question 49

Sources of representation - graffiti

Answer 49

Associated with youth culture Banksy believes its important to give a voice to people Increasingly seen in mainstream art galleries Being used as street art in regeneration of places

Question 50

How can place be represented

Answer 50

Formal - maps Informal - songs, film Qualitative - non-numerical + subjective - interviews, photographs Quantitative - quantifiable and verified - census data

Question 51

Butler Model

Answer 51

Tourist destination: Exploration Involvement - locals start to provide goods and services Development - investment into tourism from larger companies Consolidation - tourism becomes major part of economy, growth slows Stagnation - infrastructure begins to age, area may become overcrowded or unfashionable Post-stagnation - decline or rejuvenation - through investment and regeneration