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Human Geography > London > Flashcards

London Flashcards

Git up

1
Q

GDP per capita

A

$56,000

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2
Q

Unemployment

A

5.4%

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3
Q

Life Expectancy

A

81-85

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4
Q

Murder Rate

A

131 per year

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5
Q

Number of parks

A

3000

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6
Q

Homeless

A

10000

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7
Q

Literacy rate

A

99%

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8
Q

Cause of decline of docklands

A

1950s - docks entered serious decline
↑ size of ships meant it was hard to reach the docklands
Containerisation meant fewer workers were needed to remove containers from ships ↓ demand for workforce

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9
Q

Consequences of decline of docklands

A

Decline in portside industries no longer receiving as many raw materials
Led to emigration:
- Few amenities + shopping facilities
- Poor environmental quality
- Few recreational activities
- Fewer jobs + lack of transport links to rest of city

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10
Q

Regeneration of docklands

A

LDDC - total control over area to make rapid planning decisions.
1981-98 - 80%-50% of homes rented from council
Criticised for lack of development of transport - Docklands Light Railway constructed cheaply - driverless train link to city
Also enterprise zones on Isle of Dogs, council + property developers (One Canada Square building built, contains space for offices)

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11
Q

Changes to docklands

A

Environmental - pedestrian + cycle routes, 150ha open spaces, 200,000 trees
Economic - 14-7% unemployment, £7.7bil private investment, 2,700 businesses, canary wharf is hotspot for businesses
Social - £10mil improving council houses, 22,000 new homes built, shopping centre built, £100mil spent on health, education, job training etc.

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12
Q

Success in regeneration

A

↑ trade for local shopkeepers
economic, social, environmental opportunities
↑ accessibility
cheaper rents for large companies to set up quarters here

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13
Q

Criticisms of regeneration

A

Many improvements didn’t benefit original residents - locals were unable to afford new expensive houses
Most skills required for new jobs are not held by Dockers
↓ in community spirit

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14
Q

Management of inequality

A

Maximising delivery of affordable rented housing - reduce homelessness + people have ↑ disposable income
Promote the voice of Londoners in new housing plans

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15
Q

Economic issues associated with urbanisation

A

Inequality
Average house prices - £1.7mil Westminster, £400k - Tower Hamlets
1/3 of population live in poverty

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16
Q

Social issues associated with urbanisation

A

Short term population who have less of a stake in the continued success of an area
Urban sprawl - air pollution + urban degeneration

17
Q

Environmental issues associated with urbanisation

A

Demands on space
Historic city centre makes adaptation to modern and environmentally friendly standards expensive

18
Q

London Smog

A

1952
Caused by burning coal, forming sulphur dioxide
4,300 Londoners still die each year from air pollution despite improvement since 1954
1952 - 4-day pea souper - people couldn’t see their feet - 4000 died

19
Q

Reducing pollution

A

Cycling lanes/improving public transport
Congestion charges
ULEZ - charge for high-emission cars

20
Q

SUDS - Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park features

A

Porous asphalt strips employed throughout pedestrian areas
Wetlands containing swales, filter drains and small ponds - haven for wildlife
Rainwater harvesting
Spine surface water sewers
Traditional road gullies + combined curb drainage collection systems

21
Q

Advantages of QE Park SUDS

A

Management of extreme flood events
Protect groundwater and local water sources from pollution
Biodiversity enhancement
Flood management + ↑ water quality

22
Q

Challenges with QE Park SUDS

A

Ensuring all systems are adoptable
High foot traffic leads to soil compaction - ↓infiltration
Requires regular maintenance

23
Q

Why is water management of the Thames needed

A

Interceptor sewers, constructed after Great Stink (1858) are still the backbone of London’s sewer system but are struggling to cope with expanding population and demands of modern-day living
System discharges sewage straight into Thames during heavy rain, killing fish and threatening public health
2013 - 55mil tonnes of raw sewage washed into river

24
Q

Plans for improvement to Thames

A

Specialised tunnel boring machine has been used to excavate a tunnel, 7m diameter.
Completed tunnel will be 25km and up to 65m deep

25
Q

Waste

A

London aims to be zero waste by 2026; no biodegradable or recyclable waste will be sent to landfill. By 2030, 65% of municipal waste will be eliminated
Initiatives:
- Working w/ London’s boroughs to deliver Reduction and Recycling Plans
- Helping London’s food businesses reduce waste + save money through Foodsave
- Supporting programmes across London to ↑ access to free drinking water, helping to reduce the need for single-use plastic bottles

26
Q

BEDZED - Water conservation

A

Waste from toilets, showers and baths cleaned and reused for irrigation and toilets
↓ water consumption (50% of national average)
Gutters flow straight to river

27
Q

BEDZED - Energy conservation

A

300ml of insulation
Controlled air vents
South-facing windows absorb sunlight
Energy efficient lights
Solar panels - 19% of energy
↓25% demand for energy

28
Q

BEDZED - waste recycling

A

Built out of reclaimed material
Use material from local companies

29
Q

BEDZED - green space

A

Each unit has own garden
↓ UHI

30
Q

BEDZED - Extra info

A

Beddington - SW Londong
Range of housing tenure
Encouraged to use bikes
40 e-car chargers
Built on brownfield site

31
Q

Pollution reduction strategies

A

Greater provision of public transport and general restrictions on polluting vehicles - cars with high emissions have to pay a daily non-compliance charge in ULEZ. London ULEZ in 2020 very effective.
Paired with congestion charge in 2003 and London bus fleet upgraded with hybrid engines and zero emission single-decker buses.
Very effective at reducing CO2 and e.g. incentivising cycling. However, lots of people find it more convenient to drive a car.

Human Geography (9 decks)

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