Changing Places Flashcards
define infrastructure
important structures and facilities available to the public, e.g hospital
define urbanisation
an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, aka the movement of people from rural areas to larger cities
define city proper
a geographical description of a city based on it’s area and boundary e.g the city of sydney
define urban agglomeration
contains the extent of the urban area or built-up areas, e.g eastern suburbs
define metropolitan area
a densely populated urban area defined by it’s interlinked degree of economic and social interconnectivity, often encompassing a city and it’s surrounding suburbs, e.g greater sydney
define internal migration
the movement of an individual or group of people from one region of a country to another region of the same country.
what are pull factors
something that attracts you to a given place or area
what are push factors
something that motivates you to leave a given place or area
what are some examples of pull factors?
*employment opportunity
*promise of higher living standard
*entertainment
*more infrastructure
*medical facilities
*educational opportunities
*higher pay
what are some examples of push factors?
*landlessness
*war and civil disobedience
*intolerance of alternative lifestyle
*desertification
*rapid population growth or declining population
*rural poverty
explain how an urban area has higher wages
*concentration of businessmen and women, which creates competition and drives up wages to attract the most qualified for jobs
*higher concentration of specialist, high paying jobs such as sectors of medicine, law firms and global businesses. those who earn more have a higher tendency to spend more money on basic necessities and outings such as at breakfast places where lower-paid people work
*higher concentration of workers leads to more unionizations, which means there are more unions to advocate for workers rights and pay. there is also more concentration of regulations which ensure fair pay
*Cities tend to have a higher cost of living due to more expensive housing, transportation, and general goods and services. To attract workers, employers in urban areas often offer higher wages to compensate for these increased living expenses.
define:
landlessness
desertification
landlessness: not having land, e.g being evicted, or there not being land to purchase or live on
desertification: land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
explain rural poverty
*limited economic opportunities
*less infrastructure
* Rural local governments struggle with less tax revenue due to smaller populations and lower property values, which leads to underfunded public services like education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
*geographical natural disaster exposure
*desertification (AUS)
economic advantages of urbanisation
*access to employment and income
*more workers for companies
*more competition which can lead to innovation of new technologies
*concentration of specialists to solve leading-world issues
*boost in economy
*higher quality infrastructure due to more taxpayer money = increase tourism and boost economy
economic disadvantages of urbanisation
*high demand due to concentration of people drives up prices
*concentration of wealth leading to more wealth disparity
*higher cost of living due to demand of housing
social advantages of urbanisation
*more community centres that can promote a healthy lifestyle
*higher levels of diversity
*higher social interaction and sense of community to contribute to wellbeing
social disadvantages of urbanisation
*higher cost of living can cause homelessness
*waiting time for public services
*overrun transport system
*noise pollution and traffic congestion
*crime rates
*As cities grow and certain areas become more desirable, wealthier individuals and businesses move in, driving up property values and rents. This forces lower-income residents to move out of their neighborhoods, leading to social and economic segregation.
*Gentrification can also displace local businesses and disrupt communities.
environmental benefits of urbanisation
*energy efficient buildings
*efficient land use
*shared infrastructure reduces energy usage
*urban areas having more public transport reducing emmisions
environmental negatives of urbanisation
*pollution
*loss of air quality
*emissions due to more cars
*rampant consumerism leading to more waste
*deforestation
*rivers diverted or damned
*native flora and fauna becomes threatened
define urban settlement
the ways in which cities and towns are organised and distributed across a landscape
what is a mega city
more than 10mil ppl in a city
define spatial distribution
spatial distribution refers to how resources, activities, human demographics or features of the landscape are arranged across the surface of the Earth.
explain the 3 different types of spatial distribution there are.
*A uniform pattern occurs when each data point is spaced within relatively equal distance.
*A random distribution shows no direct correlation between data points.
*Data points in a clustered distribution are clearly related to each other and may not be exactly evenly spaced. What this shows us is that people are coming together based on some shared experience.
why do we have suburbs?
to quantify the amount of people living in a location and create an organised space to show spatial distribution
define suburbanisation
establishment of residential communities on the outskirts of a city
gentrification is a consequence of:
urban renewal
why are houses cheaper on the fringe?
because you have to drive further to get to the premium services in the city, so they make houses cheaper to combat he disincentive of long travel cost and time.
what kind of density does urban consolidation have?
medium to high
what indicates gentrification?
Renovated Interiors:
Open Floor Plans:
Smart Home Features:
Energy-Efficient Upgrades:
Outdoor Improvements:
Decorative Elements:
High-Quality Materials:
Additional Features:
Curb Appeal Enhancements:
Increased Security Measures:
Neighborhood Associations or Improvements:
what is more attractive about the eastern coast vs west coast.
east coast has better climate, which is better for farming, which makes more jobs.
west is really HOT and north west has more tropical cyclones.
why do people move AWAY from cities?
*cheaper properties on the fringe
*people move away from city for large, modern housing with garage and gardens
*move away from noise, air and general pollution
*move away from increase crime rates
