Changing Place Flashcards
What is place?
Place is made up of all the things that come together to make a place what it is.
Name five things which may make up a place.
Location
Physical characteristics
Human characteristics
All things that flow in and out of that place
The sense of place.
What is sense of place?
The emotional meaning a place has either to individuals or groups of people.
E.g. thinking of somewhere as ‘home’.
Does everyone have different senses of place?
Yes
Is place constantly changing? Give examples.
Yes, apart from location.
- Physical characteristics such as rivers shift over long time scales.
- Human characteristics change over whole lifetimes such as people or shorter time scales such as people migrating.
- Flows can change such as money change for example if a TNC invests in a new factory or close an old one.
- Sense of place individuals feel might change for example growing older,
Why is the idea of place important?
Many people create their identity based on the places they feel connected to.
E.g. someone may find where they come from a part of who they are.
Why is place important for shared identities?
Individuals share characteristics that they may feel bind them together as a group. This can be on a variety of scales-
- Local- e.g. positive sense of the village
- Regional- e.g. accent
- National- e.g. language, religion or love for a place
People can be percieved as belonging to a place.
What are insiders?
An insider is a person who is familiar with a place and who feels welcome in that place, i.e. they feel that they belong.
What are outsiders?
An outsider is someone who feels unwelcome or excluded from a place, i.e. they feel like they do not belong.
Why might someone feel like an insider?
They are a resident of a country who all share the same cultural values.
Why may someone feel like an outsider?
They may be an international immigrant who doesn’t share the same cultural values as the residents of the country.
What are experienced places?
Places that people have spent time in.
Lived experience will shape people’s sense of place.
What are media places?
Places that people have not been to, but have created a sense of place for through their depiction in media.
Why is a sense of media place different to a lived place?
Media may try and portray a place a certain way.
E.g. tourist websites may present holiday destinations such as the Carribean as a place of relaxation, when in reality the people who live there are experiencing poverty and hardship.
What are near places?
Geographically near places.
What are far places?
Geographically far places.
Are people more likely to feel like an insider in a near place?
Yes but not always for example age and sexuality.
Are people more likely to feel like outsiders in far places?
Yes but globalisation may change this.
How has globalisation affected people’s experience of geographical distance?
- Improvements in travel makes it easier to reach places and so can be experienced more easily and frequently.
- Improvements in ICT mean that people can be familiar of media places.
- People can remain connected with people and places via the internet.
- TNCs mean that far places can feel familiar.
What is ‘placelessness’?
A term geographers use to describe how globalisation is making distant places look and feel the same.
What are endogenous factors?
The internal factors which shape a place’s character. These could be physical or they could be human.
Name 8 endogenous factors.
Location
Topography
Physical geography
Land use
Built environment
Infrastructure
Demographic
Economic characteristics
What are exogenous factors?
The external factors which shape a place’s character, including the relationship to other places and the flows in and out of a place.
Name four exogenous factors.
Flow of people, resources, money and ideas.
Location as an endogenous factor.
- Location refers to where a place is.
- Places can be characterised by the features that are present because of their location.
Topography as an endogenous factor.
- Topography refers to the shape of the landscape.
- Places can be directly characterised by their topography.
- Topography also affects other factors that give places their character such as land use (farming).
Physical geography as an endogenous factor.
- Physical geography refers to the environmental features of a place.
- Places can be characterised directly by their physical geography (Granite city- Aberdeen)
- Physical geography also affects other factors that give places their character (coal and Durham in past).
Land use as an endogenous factor.
- Land use refers to human activities that occur on the land.
- Land use is one of the most important human factors in directly refining the character of place.
- Land use also affects other factors that give places their character (e.g. built environment)
- Land use changes over time due to processes such as deindustrialisation.
Built environment and infrastructure as an endogenous factor.
- Built environment refers to aspects of places that are built by humans.
- Infrastructure specifically refers to the structures built for transport, communications and services.
Places can be directly characterised by their built environment and infrastructure- - Towns and cities have more facilities and higher density buildings.
- Villages have less infrastructure and fewer, smaller buildings.
Demographic and economic characteristics and endogenous factors.
- Demographic characteristics are about who lives in a place and what they’re like.
- Demographic factors can directly contribute to the character of places- old people living by coasts
- Economic characteristics are factors to do with work and money.
- Economic factors can directly contribute to the character of place- Kensington is characterised by a low unemployment rate and above average income.
Exogenous factors and the character of place.
- The character of place can be influenced by their relative location to other places (towns could be commuter settlements- Ingleby Barwick).
- Tourism influences that character of many places (land use and economic characteristics of Las Vegas create opportunities for locals).
- Flows of investment affect the character of place (Nissan has a factory in Sunderland which has influenced jobs available and land use around factory).
- Migration can influence the character of place (27% of the population of Birmingham are of Asian descent).
What is a locale?
A place where something happens or is set, or has particular events associated with it.
What is a homogenised place?
A place where everything looks similar to other places with a loss of local cultures and uniqueness.
What is genius loci?
The ‘spirit of place’ or distinct atmosphere.
Yi-Fu Tuan (1977)
‘Place is security’
‘Space is freedom’
This suggests that humans can become emotionally attached to a place.
Agnew (1987)
‘A space with meaning; as a location that is not shaped solely by local factors, but connected in economic, cultural and political ways to other places’.
What is the descriptive response to place?
The idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied as is distinct.
What is the social constructionist approach to place?
The idea that society shapes the spatial natural of our world.
What is the phenomological approach to place?
How an individual perceives place.
How does the American Planning Association define great places as?
‘With a true sense of place, noteworthy character, community involvement, resilience and a vision for the future’.
How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected the Lake District?
Increase in visitors
When did the Lake District become a national park?
1951
What is the Lake District?
A glaciated upland area in Cumbria, north-west England.
Can lived experience impact perception of place?
Yes
What is a ‘third culture kid’?
A person who has spent a significant part of their childhood outside the parent’s culture.
What can fortress landscapes lead to?
Polarisation
Name an example of a fortress landscape.
London Docklands
London Docklands
East London- Eastenders
Canary Wharf- finance
London city airports and DLR- transport links
Gentrification
What is the tripartite model of place attachment?
Shows how place attachment is multi-dimensional.
What are the three aspects of the tripartite model of place attachment?
Person
Psychological process
Place dimensions
What is topophilia?
Love of a place
Name a poem which discusses insider and outsider perspective.
California Hills in August- Dana Gioia
Name a place which was ‘put on the map’ due to political circumstances.
Tiananmen Square, Beijing (1989)
Student and worker demonstration for political openness.
Name two websites which involve the perception of place.
Place Pulse- ‘hot or not’ to understand people’s perceptions
Streetscore- spatial visualisation based off perceptions of place.
Name a location which has been impacted by change in demographic.
Boston, Lincolnshire
Site of Boston.
East coast of England
On the River Witham
Located on the Fens- low lying coastal plain
Situation of Boston.
100 miles north of London
Rural area
A16 and A52 are the main roads- poor infrastructure
How many people in Boston voted leave?
75%
How many people in Boston are unemployed?
4.4%- less than UK average
What happened in 2004 in Boston?
Lots of migration, particularly from Poland, as eastern European countries were able to start joining the EU.
Many migrants were willing to work in agriculture or market gardening.
Push factors of Poland (2004)
1 in 5 workers are unemployed
Average monthly wage is £800 in Poland
5x lower wages in Poland than UK
Pull factors of Boston (2004)
English is spoken as a second language by many poles
Increase of budget airlines
Seasonal work
UK had a skill shortage for example in dentistry and plumbing
What is a clone town?
A town that is identical to another town.
What is the ‘most extreme’ example of a clone town in the UK?
Exeter, Devon
What is the ‘most extreme’ example of a home town?
Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire
Totnes.
42 independently run outlets that sell coffee
February 2010, Costa was proposed
5749 signatures against Costa
1 August Costa’s plans approved by South Hams district council 17 votes to 6.
Name an example of a non-place.
Heathrow airport
Over 70 shops and 30 restaurants
Many chain stores so lack identity.
Name an example of a suburbanised village.
St Ives, Cambridgeshire
Situation of St Ives.
100km north of London
On A1123, 8km from Huntingdon
25km north west of Cambridge
Regular trains to London
Why has St Ives become a suburbanised village?
Close proximity to Cambridge and London.
What is rural turnaround?
The impact of an expanding village that has contributed to a demographic and social change in rural areas.
Social, economic, political and environmental factors in St Ives.
Social-
Demand for houses by River Ouse
Economic-
High income and many employed outside St Ives
Political-
Demand for low cost housing
Environmental-
High pollution as 25% travel to London
What is the name of the poem about Stockton?
Infinite town
Name a TV show which negatively portrays Stockton.
Benefits street
Where is Stratford located?
Lea Valley
Newham borough
East London
What was the Lea Valley like before 2012?
Deprived with a low income and high levels of unemployment.
What was the Lea Valley like after 2012?
Increasingly positively perceived.
More connected- 7 minutes from King’s Cross
Name five places in Stratford built around 2012.
Olympic Village
Stratosphere
East Village
Westfield
Stratford Plaza
Which corporation was responsible for Canary Wharf?
London Docklands Corporation
Name a fact about Stratford involving transport.
It is the only place in London where you can get to any underground station with only one change.
What is a piece of art about the transport history of Stratford?
Railway Tree (1996) by Malcolm Robertson
What is the largest mall in Europe?
Westfield Stratford
What is the Carpenters Estate?
One of the most deprived areas in London.
Located in Stratford.
What happened to the Carpenters Estate?
UCL decided to build a campus.
One Pool Street UCL East opened Autumn 2022.
Marshgate UCL East is opening Autumn 2023.
How much were the council offering to buy houses on the carpenters estate for?
110% of the market rate.
Name a poem about the start of the Olympic games.
Eton Manor by Carol Anne Duffy
How much has the number of council homes decreased by in the past 20 years?
1/3
How many people are on the waiting list for council homes in Newham?
16000
What fraction of homes in London are owned by foreign investor?
2/3
How many families lived in the Heygate estate house before it was demolished?
1200
When was the Carpenters Estate established?
Late 19th century
In the 1960s on the Carpenters Estate, how many 22-storey block towers were built?
3
How many residents on the Carpenters Estate earn below the London Living Wage?
1/3
How many jobs on the Carpenters Estate are low paid?
29%
How many jobs did Westfield Stratford provide?
10000
How much has been invested into Stratford?
Over £9 billion
What day did London win the 2012 Olympic Bid?
6th July 2005
What is the impact of the Olympic games on the local economy?
The site of the main Olympics facilities is along an industrial estate known as Marshgate Lane.
There were 207 companies here, employing over 4800 people.
By December 2006 all the companies had agreed compensation with the ODA (Olympic Delivery Authority).
By July 2007 all had moved out.
One company moved about 150 metres away to a new location just outside the new Olympic Park; most others have stayed within the East London area.
What are the six key players involved with the 2012 London Olympic games?
IOC- international organisation
LDA- set up by UK central government
LOCOG- set up by UK central government
ODA- set up by UK central government
Mayor of London- regional government
Four London Borough Councils- local government
What is the IOC?
IOC - International Olympic Committee - with officials from most countries in the world and decide who will host the Olympics
What is the LDA?
London Development Agency - responsible for economic and urban development in London
What is the LOCOG?
London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games - they are responsible for organising the games
What is the ODA?
The Olympic Delivery Authority - they are responsible for building the facilities
What is the mayor of London in terms of the 2012 Olympic games?
Mayor of London / London Assembly - has control over transport in London
Which four London boroughs were involved with the 2012 Olympic games?
Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest
What was the impact of the 2012 Olympic Games on the local environment?
In the 1960’s the Lea Valley was the UK’s biggest manufacturing area; nearly a third of people here worked in manufacturing.
The closure of London’s last docks in 1981 and the relocation of many industries overseas meant the collapse of manufacturing in the area.
This collapse led to widespread dereliction in the area.
It is the legacy of the park which transformed an area where environmental quality was poor.
Electricity pylons had long blighted the area and those were the first things to be demolished.
What was the impact of the 2012 Olympic Games on the local people?
Housing needs in London are severe, large price rises have occurred since the 1990’s and particularly since 2006 when the Olympics were won.
This in fact made housing in the area unaffordable for many trying to purchase or rent property and there is a serious need for affordable housing in London.
Clays Lane Housing Co-operative was a housing development built in the 1970’s for single and homeless people who normally found it difficult to get housing.
The 450 residents there were eventually relocated to Housing Association housing throughout East London breaking up a community.
Transport regeneration in East London.
Stratford the new hub of London
For a long time the East end was a neglected and isolated part of London due to poor transport links. This isolation led to a negative multiplier effect. Because the area has suffered low development and high unemployment for 30 years low local spending power also means that local councils have lower incomes from businesses taxes and therefore little money for transport development.
What is the negative multiplier effect?
A downward spiral or cycle, where economic conditions prevent growth.
Name a song with a positive perception of Detroit.
Fedde Le Grand- Put Your Hands Up For Detroit
The song discusses why he loves Detroit.
Name a film and a song about Detroit.
8 mile by Eminem
8 mile (film) about Eminem
What type of music originated from Detroit?
Motown
What led to poverty in Detroit?
Deindustrialisation of the car industry
Name a film about the 1967 riots in Detroit.
Detroit
Which area of Detroit is thriving?
Downtown
Neigbourhoods outside of downtown in Detroit earn how much less?
25%
How many vacant or abandoned buildings are there in Detroit?
150000
Who plans on building a 5.5 mile walkway along the riverfront in Detroit?
Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
Give two examples of abandoned neighbourhoods in Detroit.
Brightmoor and Osborn
How many affordable homes does the city of Detroit aim to preserve?
12000
Where is Detroit situated?
Detroit is situated on the Detroit River which links Lake Huron and Lake Erie, two of North America’s Great Lakes .
French colonialists founded Detroit in 1701, finding it’s physical geography to be of great advantage.
The Great Lakes connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River.
What is America’s Rust belt region?
By 2008 Toyota had become not only the leading global producers in the auto industry but also the leader in global sales, overtaking General Motors. In contrast, Detroit (twinned with the city of Toyota, Japan) had become the confirmed capital of the Rust Belt.
What was the Great Migration?
During the twentieth century millions of African Americans travelled from the rural southern states to the urban north east and Midwest to apply for the new jobs created in the automotive industry - this was know as ‘the Great Migration’.
In the post war period the population of Detroit grew and urban areas sprawled in the original Motor City.
What are drosscapes?
Drosscapes are large tracts of abused land on the peripheries of cities and beyond, where urban sprawl meets urban dereliction: landscapes of wasted land where the planners gave up. They are a world of contaminated former industrial sites, mineral workings, garbage dumps, container stores, polluted river banks, …
What did the US census date in 2010 show in relation to segregation in Detroit?
2010 shows huge segregation in Detroit with a predominantly African American population in the city surrounded by a white population in the suburbs, the distinct dividing line is a highway - 8 Mile Road
What % of people in the city of Detroit are african american?
82%
What % of the residents of Grosse Pointe Park are white?
85%
What is the median household income in the City of Detroit?
$26 955
Manufacturing decline in Liverpool.
By the 1970’s, Liverpool’s days as the largest port in England were numbered. Changes in global trade made Bristol and other ports in the south more popular and unemployment rose by ⅓ during the 70’s.
Manufacturing decline in Manchester.
In 1959, manufacturing still employed over half of the Greater Manchester workforce; today it accounts for fewer than ⅕ jobs. Deindustrialisation hit the city hard, between 1971 and 1981 Manchester lost almost 50 000 full time jobs.
Manufacturing decline in Cardiff.
During the 19th Century, Cardiff was the world’s second biggest coal-exporting port. However the decline of Welsh coal and steel industries meant that the port began to suffer during the 1950s and 1960s.
Manufacturing decline in Newcastle.
The Baltic located in Gateshead used to previously be a flour mill but has now been converted into an art museum. The Ouseburn area used to be a huge manufacturer for leather due to its location near the river however the area has mainly been transformed into modern housing.
Manufacturing decline in Stockton-on-Tees.
Stockton used to be a large manufacturer of chemicals, mainly in the Billingham area. It is a former port town and the Tees was straightened in the early 1800s for larger ships to access the town. The ports have since relocated closer to the North Sea and ships are no longer able to sail from the sea to the town due to the Tees Barrage, which was installed to manage tidal flooding.
Is gentrification happening in Detroit?
Yes
How many adults in Detroit have college degrees?
18%
Name an area in Detroit experience high levels of gentrification.
Cass Corridor (now Midtown)
How many murders in Detroit are unsolved?
70%
Has ‘white flight’ occurred in Detroit and when?
Yes
After WW2
1400000 out of 1600000 moved to suburbs
In the past decade how much has the size of the police force been decreased in Detroit?
40%
How many jobs in Detroit are held by people in the suburbs?
71%
