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geography > Changing economic world-UK > Flashcards

Changing economic world-UK Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Globalisation

A
  • The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in trade and migration and tourism worldwide
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2
Q

What is deindustrialisation

A
  • The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry
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3
Q

What is the North south divide

A
  • Economic and cultural difference between the South and North of the UK
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4
Q

Changes in employment in Primary sector

A
  • From 55% of population in 1750 to just 3% by 2000
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5
Q

Changes in employment in secondary sector

A
  • From 61% in 1900 to only 24% in 2000
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6
Q

Changes in employment in tertiary sector

A
  • From 24% in 1900 to 68% in 2000
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7
Q

Main reasons for deindustrialisation in UK

A
  • Increasing cost of production
  • Globalisation- cheaper alternatives from abroad
  • Government policies- privatisation
  • increasing Tertiary industries due to better education and technology
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8
Q

How many coal mines shut down since 1980?

A

30,000

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9
Q

Negative impacts of coal mines shutting down

A
  • Many small towns relied on coal industry therefore many left unemployed- de-multiplier effect
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10
Q

What is the UK’s post-industrial economy now mostly based on?

A
  • IT
  • Service industries
  • Finance
  • Research and development
  • science and business parks
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11
Q

Advantages of UK’s Post-industrial economy

A
  • Jobs tend to be higher paid
  • Footloose- not tied down to a place and be based wherever is cost effective
  • More sustainable- lower energy needs, less carbon emissions
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12
Q

Where are the top 10 largest science parks in the UK?

A
  • All surrounding London in South East
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13
Q

What is a growth corridor

A
  • An area of a country where economy is rapidly growing, often along a major transport route
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14
Q

Where is the M4 Corridor?

A
  • London to Bristol
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15
Q

Significance of M4 Corridor

A
  • Many large Hi-tech companies based here in larger business parks- Microsoft, Sony, Vodafone
  • 8% of UK’s economic output
  • Near Heathrow airport
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16
Q

Example of science park in UK

A
  • Cambridge science park
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17
Q

Key characteristics of Cambridge science park

A
  • 1500 bio-tech companies
  • 7250 employees
  • International companies seek graduates from Cambridge university
  • open green space- rural urban fringe
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18
Q

Benefits of science park to Cambridge

A
  • Increased investment in area from international companies
  • Jobs created directly and indirectly- positive multiplier effect
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19
Q

Disadvantages of science park to Cambridge

A
  • Rising house prices due to increased demand
  • Increased congestion
20
Q

Environmental impacts of Industry

A
  • High energy consumption- contribute to climate change
  • Transporting raw materials produces air pollution- CO2/NO2
21
Q

Case study for environmentally sustainable industrial development in UK

A
  • Torr Quarry, Somerset
22
Q

Environmental impacts of Quarrying

A
  • Destruction of habitats/ecosystems
  • CO2 emissions from heavy machinery
  • Air pollution from dust (local scale)
  • Chemicals washed into river
23
Q

Positives of Torr quarry

A
  • Contributes over 15 million to local economy each year
  • 100 employed
  • uses rail transport- more sustainable
  • will be restored to create wildlife and water supply once work has finished
  • noise, emissions and water quality all monitored
  • decision made too deepen rather than widen the quarry- less impact on landscape
24
Q

potential Negatives of Torr quarry

A
  • Noise or air pollution in local area
  • Mostly low paid, low skilled jobs
  • despite trains being more sustainable, still produce CO2 emissions
25
Q

Possible Challenges of pop decline in rural areas

A
  • People leaving means less people for recruiters to hire
  • which means less investment in area
  • leading to shops and services declining as less money in area
  • therefore quality of life decreases
26
Q

Rural Area experiencing pop decline

A
  • Outer Hebrides
27
Q

Impacts of population decline in outer hebrides

A
  • 50% pop decrease since 1901 means closures of schools and an aging population
  • less working and bringing investment into area- de-multiplier effect
  • fishing trade decline- 900 fishing boats in 1948 to only a few
28
Q

Rural area experiencing pop growth

A
  • South Cambridge
29
Q

Impacts of pop growth in South Cambridge

A
  • Bringing money and investment through multiplier effect to area
  • However growth TOO fast, creating effects such as traffic congestion and lack of affordable housing
30
Q

Examples of ports being developed in North

A
  • Liverpool 2
    -deep water port next to mouth of mersey river
  • increases transportation of freight to North West of England
  • Brings jobs and investment- multiplier effect
31
Q

Examples of Roads being developed to make North more accessable

A
  • A1 motorway
    -From London to Newcastle, through leeds
  • £380 Million upgrade to widen it and reduce journey times
  • Means that businesses can travel to Newcastle easier, bringing investment to area
32
Q

Example of railways being developed to make North more accessable

A
  • HS2 (high speed 2)
    -Phase 1 progress been made, connecting London to Birmingham
  • Provides rapid and frequent journeys
  • Improve business connections between N and S of England
33
Q

Examples of Airports being developed in N of England

A
  • Newcastle Masterplan 2035
    -Improving capacity of Newcastle airport to cater for 1.5m more passengers yearly
  • Encourages flights to Newcastle (North)
  • Can bring investment through tourism, creating multiplier effect
34
Q

What is the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ concept

A
  • Movement by the UK government to encourage industrial and infrastructural developments in Northern England
35
Q

What are government incentive packages?

A
  • Reduced taxes, site development etc
  • attracts TNCs to locate manufacturing plants in certain areas
  • Eg Mitsubishi near Edinburgh and Nissan in Tyne and Wear
36
Q

What are Enterprise zones?

A
  • Government incentives which encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas (eg Discounted rates, provision of super fast broadband and simplified planning regulations)
37
Q

Organisations the UK is in

A
  • G8
  • NATO
  • UN security council
38
Q

UK main trading partners (imports)

A
  • Germany
  • China
  • Netherlands
  • US
39
Q

How much do Uk spend on imports annually

A
  • Roughly £240 Bn
40
Q

Uk main trading partners (exports)

A
  • US
  • Germany
  • France
  • Netherlands
41
Q

What are the UK’s main imports

A
  • Road vehicles
  • Refined petroleum products
  • Manufactured goods
  • Electrical machinery
42
Q

What are UK’s Main exports

A
  • Nuclear reactors and parts
  • Mineral fuels
  • Cars
  • Electrical machinery
43
Q

Examples of Cars UK exports

A
  • Nissan Quashqai- all are manufactured in England
44
Q

UK culture

A
  • Old Britain
    -small towns/villages
  • Literature
  • Sports- Premier league, Wimbledon, International cricket, rugby and football teams
  • Immigration- brings cultural mix (eg windrush generation from Caribbean)
45
Q

How is Uk linked to wider world through Electric communications

A
  • Arctic fibre- connects Asia, Europe and Canada through Arctic Ocean submarine cables
  • Electric communications act, 2000
46
Q

How UK is linked to wider world through Transport

A
  • Heathrow airport- 75m passengers yearly
  • Exports Boeing engines

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