Changing economic world-UK Flashcards
What is Globalisation
- The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in trade and migration and tourism worldwide
What is deindustrialisation
- The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry
What is the North south divide
- Economic and cultural difference between the South and North of the UK
Changes in employment in Primary sector
- From 55% of population in 1750 to just 3% by 2000
Changes in employment in secondary sector
- From 61% in 1900 to only 24% in 2000
Changes in employment in tertiary sector
- From 24% in 1900 to 68% in 2000
Main reasons for deindustrialisation in UK
- Increasing cost of production
- Globalisation- cheaper alternatives from abroad
- Government policies- privatisation
- increasing Tertiary industries due to better education and technology
How many coal mines shut down since 1980?
30,000
Negative impacts of coal mines shutting down
- Many small towns relied on coal industry therefore many left unemployed- de-multiplier effect
What is the UK’s post-industrial economy now mostly based on?
- IT
- Service industries
- Finance
- Research and development
- science and business parks
Advantages of UK’s Post-industrial economy
- Jobs tend to be higher paid
- Footloose- not tied down to a place and be based wherever is cost effective
- More sustainable- lower energy needs, less carbon emissions
Where are the top 10 largest science parks in the UK?
- All surrounding London in South East
What is a growth corridor
- An area of a country where economy is rapidly growing, often along a major transport route
Where is the M4 Corridor?
- London to Bristol
Significance of M4 Corridor
- Many large Hi-tech companies based here in larger business parks- Microsoft, Sony, Vodafone
- 8% of UK’s economic output
- Near Heathrow airport
Example of science park in UK
- Cambridge science park
Key characteristics of Cambridge science park
- 1500 bio-tech companies
- 7250 employees
- International companies seek graduates from Cambridge university
- open green space- rural urban fringe
Benefits of science park to Cambridge
- Increased investment in area from international companies
- Jobs created directly and indirectly- positive multiplier effect
Disadvantages of science park to Cambridge
- Rising house prices due to increased demand
- Increased congestion
Environmental impacts of Industry
- High energy consumption- contribute to climate change
- Transporting raw materials produces air pollution- CO2/NO2
Case study for environmentally sustainable industrial development in UK
- Torr Quarry, Somerset
Environmental impacts of Quarrying
- Destruction of habitats/ecosystems
- CO2 emissions from heavy machinery
- Air pollution from dust (local scale)
- Chemicals washed into river
Positives of Torr quarry
- Contributes over 15 million to local economy each year
- 100 employed
- uses rail transport- more sustainable
- will be restored to create wildlife and water supply once work has finished
- noise, emissions and water quality all monitored
- decision made too deepen rather than widen the quarry- less impact on landscape
potential Negatives of Torr quarry
- Noise or air pollution in local area
- Mostly low paid, low skilled jobs
- despite trains being more sustainable, still produce CO2 emissions
Possible Challenges of pop decline in rural areas
- People leaving means less people for recruiters to hire
- which means less investment in area
- leading to shops and services declining as less money in area
- therefore quality of life decreases
Rural Area experiencing pop decline
- Outer Hebrides
Impacts of population decline in outer hebrides
- 50% pop decrease since 1901 means closures of schools and an aging population
- less working and bringing investment into area- de-multiplier effect
- fishing trade decline- 900 fishing boats in 1948 to only a few
Rural area experiencing pop growth
- South Cambridge
Impacts of pop growth in South Cambridge
- Bringing money and investment through multiplier effect to area
- However growth TOO fast, creating effects such as traffic congestion and lack of affordable housing
Examples of ports being developed in North
- Liverpool 2
-deep water port next to mouth of mersey river - increases transportation of freight to North West of England
- Brings jobs and investment- multiplier effect
Examples of Roads being developed to make North more accessable
- A1 motorway
-From London to Newcastle, through leeds - £380 Million upgrade to widen it and reduce journey times
- Means that businesses can travel to Newcastle easier, bringing investment to area
Example of railways being developed to make North more accessable
- HS2 (high speed 2)
-Phase 1 progress been made, connecting London to Birmingham - Provides rapid and frequent journeys
- Improve business connections between N and S of England
Examples of Airports being developed in N of England
- Newcastle Masterplan 2035
-Improving capacity of Newcastle airport to cater for 1.5m more passengers yearly - Encourages flights to Newcastle (North)
- Can bring investment through tourism, creating multiplier effect
What is the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ concept
- Movement by the UK government to encourage industrial and infrastructural developments in Northern England
What are government incentive packages?
- Reduced taxes, site development etc
- attracts TNCs to locate manufacturing plants in certain areas
- Eg Mitsubishi near Edinburgh and Nissan in Tyne and Wear
What are Enterprise zones?
- Government incentives which encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas (eg Discounted rates, provision of super fast broadband and simplified planning regulations)
Organisations the UK is in
- G8
- NATO
- UN security council
UK main trading partners (imports)
- Germany
- China
- Netherlands
- US
How much do Uk spend on imports annually
- Roughly £240 Bn
Uk main trading partners (exports)
- US
- Germany
- France
- Netherlands
What are the UK’s main imports
- Road vehicles
- Refined petroleum products
- Manufactured goods
- Electrical machinery
What are UK’s Main exports
- Nuclear reactors and parts
- Mineral fuels
- Cars
- Electrical machinery
Examples of Cars UK exports
- Nissan Quashqai- all are manufactured in England
UK culture
- Old Britain
-small towns/villages - Literature
- Sports- Premier league, Wimbledon, International cricket, rugby and football teams
- Immigration- brings cultural mix (eg windrush generation from Caribbean)
How is Uk linked to wider world through Electric communications
- Arctic fibre- connects Asia, Europe and Canada through Arctic Ocean submarine cables
- Electric communications act, 2000
How UK is linked to wider world through Transport
- Heathrow airport- 75m passengers yearly
- Exports Boeing engines
