changing economic world- UK Flashcards
define globalisation
the process which created a connected world, increases in trade, migration and tourism
define deindustrialisation
the decline of a country’s manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets, competition from NEE’s
government policy
a plan decided by a government to manage issues in a country
primary sector
extracting raw materials from the natural environment
secondary sector
process raw materials into manufactured goods
tertiary sector
selling of services and skills
e.g doctor
quaternary sector
information services, research and development
main causes of deindustrialisation
-increasing cost of production
-globalisation
-declining investments
-changing government policies
decline of coal mines
government policy privatised coal mining industries
privatised- sold them to companies
loss of 30,000 uk coal mines
Tata steel has decreased from 18,000 to 3,300 jobs due to cheap chinese steel imports- de-multiplier effect
describe the de-multiplier effect
- closure of industry
- loss of jobs
- unemployment
- social costs/ issues
- lack of local spending
- closure of local businesses
example of area which has been most affected by de-industrialisation in the UK
sunderland- near the sea so ports for exports/ imports
closure of coal mines and ship yards- demultiplier effect
how did de-industrialisation cause economic change in UK
mechanisation- as technology became more advanced, machines replaced farmers
machines- more reliable, cheaper to run
how did globalisation cause economic change in UK
cheaper crops are imported from countries overseas where there is mass production
labour and land is cheaper overseas
how did government policy cause economic change in UK
the UK and EU have strict laws for environmental pollution from businesses
makes it expensive for businesses to make products in UK
define post industrial economy
economically developed countries where employment is mainly in service industries
what is the UK’s economy now based on
name the 5 industries
knowledge and research (require an educated workforce)
-information technology
-service industries
-finance
-research
-science & business parks
industries in the post-industry are footloose- what does this mean
footloose- they’re not tied to heavy raw materials so can locate wherever they have a cost advantage
why are industries in the post-industry are closer to major transport routes
motorways, railways- offer maximum access for customers and employees
industries in the post-industry agglomerate together- what does this mean
they get together and exchange ideas
are geographically close
describe the location of science parks in UK
close to london- capital city
close to universities- attract skilled graduates
close to motorways- transport links
define growth corridor
an area of a country where the economy is growing, often along a major transport route linking cities
what must an area have to be considered a growth corridor
-skilled workforce
-good transport links
-quaternary industries
M4 corridor
produces 8% of UK’s economic output
-sub-urban living
:) close to countryside
:) cheaper rent outside london
:) near to universities e.g bristol
describe location of Cambridge science park
in Cambridge, East England
near the M11
near Stansted airport
key characteristics of Cambridge science park
major hub for hi-tech industry
7,250 employees
cambridge graduates
open greenspace, parking
Abcam- makes + sells antibodies to other countries, researches cancer
benefits of Cambridge science park
-health facilities for locals
-investment into public transport
-cambridge famous for medical research- brings investment
-indirect jobs- security, cafe workers
disadvantages of Cambridge science park
-increase in house prices due to greater demand
-traffic congestion
why have companies clustered together at Cambridge science park
many companies, e.g 34 biomedical companies
-share equipment
-share workers, ideas
companies in cambridge so they can offer high quality of living, and attract skilled workers
give impacts of industry on the environment
quarries- make land unattractive, destroys habitats
waste releases toxins into soil
factories release CO2- global warming
release of chemicals which pollutes water supplies
environmental impacts of limestone quarrying in Torr Quarry (somerset)
-deforestation
-destruction of habitats
-water pollution
-air pollution
define sustainability
development that meets needs of present people whilst protecting resources for the future generations
positives of torr quarry
generates £15 million a year to local economy
source of construction materials
makes 7.5 million tonnes of limestone a year
over 100 employees
negatives of torr quarry
air pollution- increased CO2 emissions from lorries transporting materials
noise pollution
environmental degradation
sustainable practices at torr quarry
60 acres of site landscaped, trees planted, creation of wildlife lakes- restores natural habitats
limestone transported by rail- less on road vehicles, less traffic congestion
monitoring noise, dust emissions- reduces pollution
dig deeper not wider- protects surrounding greenfield sites
give opportunities/ challenges of rural living
:) cheap house prices
:) less congestion
:) open green space
:( long commutes
:( poor public transport
:( ageing population
:( lack of recreational activities
which rural area is seeing population growth
South Cambridgeshire
near to London and Cambridge- young adults migrate there for education, university
negatives/ positives of population growth in south cambrisdgeshire
:( increase in house prices
:( traffic congestion- air pollution
:( lack of agricultural employment- land is used to build house
:) takes pressure off cambridge
:) development
:) increased social diversity
which rural area is seeing population decline
the outer hebrides
young adults migrate to cities due to a lack of job opportunities in rural areas
cities have better transport links and recreation
negative impacts of population decline in the outer hebrides
less young adults- less families- less children- schools close
older workforce- unattractive to investors
lack of economic development
road improvements in UK
new lanes added to motorways- reduces congestion
bypasses- new roads around congested areas
smart motorways (closing the hard shoulder to add a lane)
scrapped as of 2023 due to accidents
railway improvements in UK
HS2- connects london and manchester
:( loss of countryside, close to homes
:) reduces pressure on motorways
Crossrail- connects reading and east london, mainly for commuters
Issues- delays, strikes
seaport improvements in UK
Liverpool 2- a new terminal at liverpool port
:) job creation
:) reduces north/ south divide
:) doubles port capacity
air travel development in UK
a 3rd runway at Heathrow
:) increased air travel- more income generated
:( increased flights- more carbon emissions- global warming
what is the north- south divide
the socioeconomic and cultural disparities between the south east and rest of UK
differences in house prices, salaries, job creation rates
why is there a north-south divide
during industrial revolution, UK’s growth centred around coal industry
coal mines in north UK
industries declined overtime due to loss of resources- unemployment
london and south-east have a rapidly growing tertiary sector E.g business parks
strategies to reduce north-south divide
reduced taxes- attracts investment from TNCs, creates jobs
E.g Mitsubishi near Edinburgh
transport improvements- HS2, liverpool 2
enterprise zones- superfast broadband- attracts new businesses- :) job creation
LEP- local enterprise partnerships, partnerships between local authorities and businesses E.g lancashire LEP aerospace
northern powerhouse
a concept to invest into de-industrialised area in north- Nottingham, leeds
£13 billion spent on improving northern transport- allows easy access
E.g upgrade to M1- reduces congestion
Mediacity UK- home to BBC, ITV- job creation
investment in smaller digital businesses
describe UK’s historical and political links with the world
british empire had colonies in many countries
they gained independence and became a member of commonwealth
UK trade links with the world
trade- trading partners with UN
main imports come from Germany, USA, China
UK’s exports go mostly to India, Russia
UK culture links with world
television- one of the UK’s major industries
generates £1.25 billion a year
Dr Who, Sherlock, the office
UK transport links with world
airports- gatwick, heathrow
eurostar
ferries - dover port
UK electrical communications with world
arctic fibre project- 15,000km of cables linking tokyo and london
UK and the EU
goods and services move freely between countries- no taxes
people migrate to UK for higher paid jobs
european funds support development in UK
UK and commonwealth
commonwealth games- sporting event, attracts tourists
countries of the british empire, co-operation between countries
migration from commonwealth countries to UK
