Changine Cities Flashcards
What are the effects of urbanisation?
- Increase in air, noise, and water pollution
- investments increased - this means economic growth and an increase in job opportunities
- In developing and emerging countries/economies, the gap between the rich and poor often widens
Which places have the highest population density?
Urban areas
What site is Mexico City on
It’s on an island in lake texcoco
- as it was built in the Aztec times on reclaimed land - from the lake
What’s Mexico citie’s main connectivity?
Major highways link it between North and South America
What is in Mexico cities CBD ?
Financial centers, office blocks, government buildings
- The Mexican stock exchange
What’s in the inner city of Mexico City
. Old unplanned settlements and abandoned colonial mansions
What are in suburbs of Mexico City?
Middle class housing with heavy security
What dominates the rural - urban fringe of Mexico City
- New unplanned settlements (squatter settlements)
Between 1950 and 2010 by now much did Mexico cities population grow?
It grew from 2 million to 19 million
What three factors mainly contributed to the grow of MC
- Natural increase
-Migration (rural - urban migration aswell as international migration) - investment - construction of offices and factories = more job oppitunites
Where does the biggest flow of immigrants into Mexico City come from
From rural areas looking for better quality of life, or job oppitunities
4 ways migration impacts Mexico City
- Young migrants arrive in the City bringing new skill’s and job oppitanities
- business benefit from low-cost labour
- housing shortages (leading to squatter settlements appearing on edge of the city)
- higher levels of air pollution (as more cars on the road) leading to respiratory problems
3 inequalities that has been caused by rapid growth
-One in three workers are paid less than $4 a day
- bottom 20% earn 13 times less than the top 20%
- the poorest 10% average 2 years of schooling
Effects of Mexico’s rapid urbanisation
- Housing shortages
_Unplanned settlements
-under employment
-pollution
-Strain on services
What are top down schemes ?
Projects funded by the government - large scale
What are top down schemes?
Small scale projects funded by (NGOs)
NGOs = non-governmental organisations
Name one bottom -up scheme in Mexico City?
And what do they do?
Cultiva
- It Works to educate child children about gardening
- managing rooftop gardens allowing residents to grow healthy food
Name two top-down schemes in Mexico City
Affordable housing -to help try solve the housing shortage
Trash-for-food trading system
Metrobus system - reduces journey times and CO2 emissions
Largest bus system in the world
Name different pull factors
Better job opportunities
Better healthcare
Better housing
Better education
Different push factors
Crop failures
Natural increase
4 factors as to why the uks population distribution is so uneven
Physical factors - south east of UK has much flatter and nutrient rich soil, this means intensive farming over time has led to wealthy towns and cities emerging in this area
Historical factors -
Mass urbanisation due to the industrial revolution
Recent economic factors-
The employment structure of the UK shifted significantly from before WWll- with a huge decrease in primary industry and an increase in tertiary industry
Political factors-
-Parliament and many key institutions are based in London - this means 1 million employed directly by the government
- many financial institutions are also based in London
How did the shift in employment structure impact population distribution?
As mass migration will occur to areas with the most job opportunities
Example:
Mass migration occurred during the industrial revaluation - as there was a shirt from primary to secondary industry (jobs in factories)
How do we measure inequality?
Gini co-efficient
What factors influence site location?
Dry point/wet point
Defences
Bridging points - settlements located by a bridge across a river
Nodal points - settlements built in a valley, with only one route in
Aspect - settlements built in sheltered areas
How did Manchester develop into an industrial city
1) man was always famous for their mills- which were powered by rivers
2) then instead of using water, Manchester used steam to power the mills-the coal that was used as fuel was heavy and hard to transport= resulting in the building of a railway
3)Manchester was in between the major cities of Liverpool, Leeds and Hull and a canal ran between all the cities
4)
What are the two different urban models and what are the differences between them?
Burgess model - suggests the cities grow out in circles from the CBD
Hoyt model- suggests that cities grow in sectors which are inter spliced
Name 3 different groups that migrated to Manchester and why?
- 1840s Irish migration - lack of food due to potato famine
- 1890s Jewish migration - looking for asylum and safety
- 1950 s south Asian, African and Caribbean migration- encouraged by the British government to come over and work
Positive impacts of migration on Manchester
- Filling labour shortages in certain sectors
- contribute to the economy
- Development of social and cultural networks
- Cultural diversity
Negative effects of migration on Manchester
Tension and conflicts between different communities
Pressure on public services and infrastructure
Completion for jobs and wages
Discrimination and prejudice
3 causes of de industrialisation
Decline in local manufacturing industries
Ross of jobs and high unemployment rates
Reduction in wages and disposable income
3 causes of deindustrialisation
- Economic recession
- environmental concerns
- technological advancements
Factors used to measure deprivation
Income
Employment
Health deprivation and disability
Crime
Living environment
4 reasons why the Trafford Center has a good site
- Cheap land
-Good transport links - large sphere of influxes
