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BIO 221 01 > CH_14 > Flashcards

CH_14 Flashcards

To learn and retain information from CH 14 from the course Cell Biology

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What process do cells reproduce by?

A

Cell division

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2
Q

What rule from cell theory applies to cell divison?

A

New cells arise from other living cells

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3
Q

Does cell division stop with the formation of the mature organism?

A

Cell divison does not stop with the formation of the mature organism but continues in certain tissues throughout life

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4
Q

What two types of cell division are there?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Leads to cells that are genetically identical to their parent and serves as the basis for producing new cells

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6
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Leads to production of cells with half of the genetic content of the parent and is basis for producing new sexually reproducing organisms

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7
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A

A series of stages that a cell goes through

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8
Q

What phases make up the cell cycle?

A

M phase and the interphase

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9
Q

What processes make up M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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10
Q

How long does M phase last?

A

It lasts about an hour or so?

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11
Q

What phase constitues a majority of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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12
Q

How long does Interphase last?

A

It may extend for days, week, or longer

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13
Q

What periods make up Interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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14
Q

Where does the G1 period of Interphase take place?

A

It takes place between the end of mitosis and the beginning of DNA replication

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15
Q

Where does the G2 period of Interphase take place?

A

It occurs between the end of S and the beginning of mitosis

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16
Q

Where does the S period of Interphase take place?

A

S occurs between G1 and G2 periods

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17
Q

What are the periods of Interphase in order?

A

G1 -> S -> G2

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18
Q

What happens during the G1 period of Interphase?

A

Cells grows and carries out normal metabolism; organelles duplicate

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19
Q

What happens during the S period of Interphase?

A

DNA replication and chromosome duplication

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20
Q

What happens during the G2 period of Interphase?

A

Cell grows and prepares for mitosis

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21
Q

How are cell types distinguised?

A

They are distinguished based on their capacity to grow and divide

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22
Q

What are some cells that are highly specialized and (lack the ability to divide)?

A

Nerve cells and blood cells

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23
Q

What are some cells that (normally do not divide but can be induced) to begin DNA synthesis and divide when given an appropriate stimulus?

A

Liver cells

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24
Q

What are some cells that normally possess (a relatively high level of miotic activity)?

A

Stem cells

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25
Q

What is the range of cell cycle lengths?

A

Cell cycles can range from 30 minutes to several months

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26
Q

What facilitates entry of cells into the M Phase?

A

The maturation promoting factor (MPF)

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27
Q

What two subunits does the MPF consist of?

A

A cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) and cyclin

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28
Q

What purpose does the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) play?

A

They transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific proteins

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29
Q

What purpose does cyclin play?

A

It is a regulatory subunit

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30
Q

What is the relationship between cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) and cyclin?

A

Increased concentration of cyclin activates the kinase

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31
Q

When do the cyclin levels fluctuate?

A

Cyclin levels fluctuate predictable during the cell cycle

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32
Q

What is Cdk’s purpose in the cell cycle?

A

Cdk is the driver to advance cell cycle through its various stages

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33
Q

How is Cdk activated?

A

Cdk is activated by binding of cyclin to its catalytic subunit

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34
Q

What do Cyclin-Cdk complexes do?

A

Cyclin-complexes phosphorylate other proteins for their activation

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35
Q

When are cyclins transcribed?

A

Different cyclins are transcrubed at different points in cell cycle

36
Q

Where is cell division controlled at?

A

Control is primarily at two points: START and the G2-M transition

37
Q

What are Cdk inhibitors?

A

They block Cdk activity

38
Q

What is controlled proteolysis?

A

It is the destruction of the mitotic cyclins allows a cell to exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle

39
Q

How can you use subcellular localization to control Cdk regulation?

A

Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control

40
Q

How can cyclin and Cdk pairings be specific?

A

Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle

41
Q

What are checkpoints?

A

They are surveillance mechanisms that halt the progress of the cell cycle

42
Q

Why would the cell cycle halt?

A

DNA damage occurs in the chromosome

Certain critical progresses are not properly completed such as

  • DNA replication during S phase
  • Chromosome alignment during M phase
43
Q

What are the purpose of checkpoints?

A

They ensure each of the various events of the cell cycle occurs accurately and in the proper order

44
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A process of nuclear division in which two nuclei with identical genetic content are produced

45
Q

What usually accompanies Mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

46
Q

What does Mitosis maintain?

A

The chromosome number

47
Q

Where can Mitosis occur?

A

In haploid or diplod cells

48
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

49
Q

What is the first step of Prophase?

A

Chromosomal material condenses to form compact miotic chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere

50
Q

What is the second step of Prophase?

A

Cytoskeleton is disassembled, and mitotic spindle is assembled

51
Q

What is the third step of Prophase?

A

Golgi complex and ER fragment. Nuclear envelope disperses

52
Q

What does Cohesin do?

A

Holds the two sister chromatids together before prophase

Most are degraded at beginning of prophase

53
Q

What does Condensin do?

A

Helps compaction of chromosomes at prophase

54
Q

Where do centromeres occur and what purpose do they serve?

A

At a primary constriction on chromosomes and serve as the binding site for proteins

55
Q

What are kinetochores

A

The outer surface of centromeres

56
Q

What purpose do kinetochores serve?

A

The sites where chromosomes attach to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle

57
Q

What is the mitotic spindle made of?

A

Microtubules

58
Q

What are the different mechanisms for mitotic spindle formation?

A

Centrosome dependent and centrosome independent

59
Q

Where does centrosome-dependent formation occur?

A

In most animal cells

60
Q

Where does centrosome-independent formation occur?

A

In some animal and plant cells

61
Q

Where is the nuclear envelope required?

A

The nuclear envelope at the end of prophase is required for the interaction between the spindle and chromosomes

62
Q

What membranous organelles of the cytoplasm remain relatively intact through mitosis?

A

Mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

63
Q

What happens to the ER network during mitosis?

A

ER might remain relatively stable

64
Q

What happens to the Golgi complex during mitosis?

A

May become incorporated into the ER during prophase

May become fragmented to form a distinct population of small vesicles that are partitioned between daughter cells

May split into two, with each daughter cell receiving half of the original structured

65
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

Chromosomal microtubules attach to kinetochores

Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator

66
Q

Summarize prometaphase in one statement?

A

The mitotic spindle formation is completed and chromosomes are moved by microtubules toward the center of the cell

  • The microtubules grow into the region around a chromosome
  • A single kinetochore is attached to microtubules from a single spindle spore
67
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator along the metaphase plate, attached by chromosomal microtubules to both poles

68
Q

How are microtubules organized?

A

Microtubules in a mitotic spindle are highly organized

69
Q

What are astral microtubules and what purpose do they serve?

A

Radiate from the centrosome to the
region outside the body of the spindle
- Helps position the spindle apparatus
- May help determine the plane of cytokinesis

70
Q

What are chromosomal microtubules and what purpose do they serve?

A

Extend between the
centrosome and the kinetochores
- Exert a pulling force on the kinetochore
- Move chromosomes to the pole

71
Q

What are polar microtubules and what purpose do they serve?

A

Extend from the centrosome past the
chromosomes
- Maintain the mechanical integrity of the spindle.

72
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  1. Centromeres split and chromatids seperate
  2. Chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles
  3. Spindle poles move farher apart
73
Q

How are chromosmes split in anaphase?

A

Chromsomes are split in synchrony

74
Q

What happens as chromosomes move toward a pole?

A

Microtubules attached to kinetochores are shortened

75
Q

What is anaphase A?

A

Movement of chromosomes toward the poles

76
Q

What is anaphase B?

A

When two spindle poles move in opposite directions

77
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles
  2. Chromosomes become dispersed
  3. Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosomes clusters
78
Q

What is telophase considered in regards to mitosis?

A

The final stage of mitosis

79
Q

What happens to the daughter cells during telophase?

A

They return to interphase

80
Q

What happens to the mitotic spindle during telophase?

A

It disassembles

81
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelopes during telophase?

A

The nucelar envelopes of the two nuclei are reassmbled

82
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?

A

They become dispersed

83
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm during cytokinesis?

A

It is partitioned into two cells

84
Q

How does cytokinesis start?

A

It starts with the indentation of the cell surface

85
Q

What does the contractile ring theory suggest?

A

The contractile ring theory

suggested that a thin band of actin and myosin filaments generates the force to cleave the cell.

BIO 221 01 (11 decks)

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