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CH_14 Flashcards

To learn and retain information from CH 14 from the course Cell Biology (85 cards)

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1
Q

What process do cells reproduce by?

A

Cell division

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2
Q

What rule from cell theory applies to cell divison?

A

New cells arise from other living cells

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3
Q

Does cell division stop with the formation of the mature organism?

A

Cell divison does not stop with the formation of the mature organism but continues in certain tissues throughout life

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4
Q

What two types of cell division are there?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Leads to cells that are genetically identical to their parent and serves as the basis for producing new cells

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6
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Leads to production of cells with half of the genetic content of the parent and is basis for producing new sexually reproducing organisms

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7
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A

A series of stages that a cell goes through

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8
Q

What phases make up the cell cycle?

A

M phase and the interphase

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9
Q

What processes make up M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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10
Q

How long does M phase last?

A

It lasts about an hour or so?

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11
Q

What phase constitues a majority of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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12
Q

How long does Interphase last?

A

It may extend for days, week, or longer

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13
Q

What periods make up Interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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14
Q

Where does the G1 period of Interphase take place?

A

It takes place between the end of mitosis and the beginning of DNA replication

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15
Q

Where does the G2 period of Interphase take place?

A

It occurs between the end of S and the beginning of mitosis

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16
Q

Where does the S period of Interphase take place?

A

S occurs between G1 and G2 periods

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17
Q

What are the periods of Interphase in order?

A

G1 -> S -> G2

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18
Q

What happens during the G1 period of Interphase?

A

Cells grows and carries out normal metabolism; organelles duplicate

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19
Q

What happens during the S period of Interphase?

A

DNA replication and chromosome duplication

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20
Q

What happens during the G2 period of Interphase?

A

Cell grows and prepares for mitosis

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21
Q

How are cell types distinguised?

A

They are distinguished based on their capacity to grow and divide

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22
Q

What are some cells that are highly specialized and (lack the ability to divide)?

A

Nerve cells and blood cells

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23
Q

What are some cells that (normally do not divide but can be induced) to begin DNA synthesis and divide when given an appropriate stimulus?

A

Liver cells

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24
Q

What are some cells that normally possess (a relatively high level of miotic activity)?

A

Stem cells

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25
What is the range of cell cycle lengths?
Cell cycles can range from 30 minutes to several months
26
What facilitates entry of cells into the M Phase?
The maturation promoting factor (MPF)
27
What two subunits does the MPF consist of?
A cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) and cyclin
28
What purpose does the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) play?
They transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific proteins
29
What purpose does cyclin play?
It is a regulatory subunit
30
What is the relationship between cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) and cyclin?
Increased concentration of cyclin activates the kinase
31
When do the cyclin levels fluctuate?
Cyclin levels fluctuate predictable during the cell cycle
32
What is Cdk's purpose in the cell cycle?
Cdk is the driver to advance cell cycle through its various stages
33
How is Cdk activated?
Cdk is activated by binding of cyclin to its catalytic subunit
34
What do Cyclin-Cdk complexes do?
Cyclin-complexes phosphorylate other proteins for their activation
35
When are cyclins transcribed?
Different cyclins are transcrubed at different points in cell cycle
36
Where is cell division controlled at?
Control is primarily at two points: START and the G2-M transition
37
What are Cdk inhibitors?
They block Cdk activity
38
What is controlled proteolysis?
It is the destruction of the mitotic cyclins allows a cell to exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle
39
How can you use subcellular localization to control Cdk regulation?
Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control
40
How can cyclin and Cdk pairings be specific?
Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle
41
What are checkpoints?
They are surveillance mechanisms that halt the progress of the cell cycle
42
Why would the cell cycle halt?
DNA damage occurs in the chromosome Certain critical progresses are not properly completed such as - DNA replication during S phase - Chromosome alignment during M phase
43
What are the purpose of checkpoints?
They ensure each of the various events of the cell cycle occurs accurately and in the proper order
44
What is Mitosis?
A process of nuclear division in which two nuclei with identical genetic content are produced
45
What usually accompanies Mitosis?
Cytokinesis
46
What does Mitosis maintain?
The chromosome number
47
Where can Mitosis occur?
In haploid or diplod cells
48
What are the phases of Mitosis?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
49
What is the first step of Prophase?
Chromosomal material condenses to form compact miotic chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere
50
What is the second step of Prophase?
Cytoskeleton is disassembled, and mitotic spindle is assembled
51
What is the third step of Prophase?
Golgi complex and ER fragment. Nuclear envelope disperses
52
What does Cohesin do?
Holds the two sister chromatids together before prophase Most are degraded at beginning of prophase
53
What does Condensin do?
Helps compaction of chromosomes at prophase
54
Where do centromeres occur and what purpose do they serve?
At a primary constriction on chromosomes and serve as the binding site for proteins
55
What are kinetochores
The outer surface of centromeres
56
What purpose do kinetochores serve?
The sites where chromosomes attach to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle
57
What is the mitotic spindle made of?
Microtubules
58
What are the different mechanisms for mitotic spindle formation?
Centrosome dependent and centrosome independent
59
Where does centrosome-dependent formation occur?
In most animal cells
60
Where does centrosome-independent formation occur?
In some animal and plant cells
61
Where is the nuclear envelope required?
The nuclear envelope at the end of prophase is required for the interaction between the spindle and chromosomes
62
What membranous organelles of the cytoplasm remain relatively intact through mitosis?
Mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
63
What happens to the ER network during mitosis?
ER might remain relatively stable
64
What happens to the Golgi complex during mitosis?
May become incorporated into the ER during prophase May become fragmented to form a distinct population of small vesicles that are partitioned between daughter cells May split into two, with each daughter cell receiving half of the original structured
65
What happens during prometaphase?
Chromosomal microtubules attach to kinetochores Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator
66
Summarize prometaphase in one statement?
The mitotic spindle formation is completed and chromosomes are moved by microtubules toward the center of the cell - The microtubules grow into the region around a chromosome - A single kinetochore is attached to microtubules from a single spindle spore
67
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator along the metaphase plate, attached by chromosomal microtubules to both poles
68
How are microtubules organized?
Microtubules in a mitotic spindle are highly organized
69
What are astral microtubules and what purpose do they serve?
Radiate from the centrosome to the region outside the body of the spindle - Helps position the spindle apparatus - May help determine the plane of cytokinesis
70
What are chromosomal microtubules and what purpose do they serve?
Extend between the centrosome and the kinetochores - Exert a pulling force on the kinetochore - Move chromosomes to the pole
71
What are polar microtubules and what purpose do they serve?
Extend from the centrosome past the chromosomes - Maintain the mechanical integrity of the spindle.
72
What happens during anaphase?
1. Centromeres split and chromatids seperate 2. Chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles 3. Spindle poles move farher apart
73
How are chromosmes split in anaphase?
Chromsomes are split in synchrony
74
What happens as chromosomes move toward a pole?
Microtubules attached to kinetochores are shortened
75
What is anaphase A?
Movement of chromosomes toward the poles
76
What is anaphase B?
When two spindle poles move in opposite directions
77
What happens during Telophase?
1. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles 2. Chromosomes become dispersed 3. Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosomes clusters
78
What is telophase considered in regards to mitosis?
The final stage of mitosis
79
What happens to the daughter cells during telophase?
They return to interphase
80
What happens to the mitotic spindle during telophase?
It disassembles
81
What happens to the nuclear envelopes during telophase?
The nucelar envelopes of the two nuclei are reassmbled
82
What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
They become dispersed
83
What happens to the cytoplasm during cytokinesis?
It is partitioned into two cells
84
How does cytokinesis start?
It starts with the indentation of the cell surface
85
What does the contractile ring theory suggest?
The contractile ring theory | suggested that a thin band of actin and myosin filaments generates the force to cleave the cell.

BIO 221 01 (11 decks)

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