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BIO 221 01 > CH_10 > Flashcards

CH_10 Flashcards

To learn and retain information from CH 10 from the course Cell Biology

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are genes?

A

Discrete factors which are maintained throughout the life of an organism and then passed on to each of its progeny

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The physical carrier of genes

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3
Q

What are genes consisted of?

A

DNA, a macromolecule

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4
Q

What is DNA?

A

The genetic material in all organisms

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The building block of DNA

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6
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A phosphate, a deoxyribose, and nitrogenous base

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7
Q

What are the pyrimidine?

A

Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)

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8
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

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9
Q

What is the structure of nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides have a polarized structure where one end is 5’ and the other is 3’
5’: A phosphate group is attached to the carbon 5
3’: Hydroxy group is attached to the carbon 3

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10
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

A linear nucleotide polymer

  • DNA molecule is polarized
  • Backbone: deoxyribose and phosphates linked by 3’,5’- phosphodiester bonds
  • Nitrogenous bases project out like stacked shelves
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11
Q

What did Chargaff establish?

A

A rule for base composition:
Number of adenine = number thymine
Number of cytosine = number of guanine

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12
Q

What is the Watson-Crick Proposal: 1953

A
  1. DNA is composed of two chains of nucleotides.
  2. The two chains spiral around each other forming a pair of right-handed helices.
  3. The two chains are antiparallel, running in opposite directions.
  4. The sugar-phosphate backbone is located on the outside of the molecule and the bases are inside the helix.
  5. The two DNA chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between each base.
  6. The double helix is 2 nm wide.
  7. Pyrimidines are always paired with purines.
  8. Only A-T and C-G pairs fit within double helix.
  9. DNA molecule has a major groove (wider)and a minor groove (more narrow).
  10. The double helix makes a complete turn every 10 residues (3.4 nm).
  11. The two chains are complementaryto each other
    E.g.: 5’-ATGC-3’
    3’-TACG-5’
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13
Q

What is a genome?

A

The unique genetic material of an organism

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14
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The DNA double helices can be separated into two strands when DNA solution is heated to a certain temperature

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15
Q

What is renaturation?

A

Single-stranded DNA molecules are capable of reassociating with correct base pairing

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16
Q

What determines the rate of renaturation?

A

The rate of renaturation depends on the size of their genome

17
Q

What are the three classes of DNA?

A

Highly repeated

Moderately repeated

Nonrepeated

18
Q

What are characteristics of Highly Repeated DNA?

A

Represent about 1-10% of total DNA

Short and present in clusters in which the given sequence repeats over and over without interruption

Classification:

  • Satellite DNAs: Five to a few hundreds base pair long for each, forming large clusters up to several million bp
  • MinisatelliteDNAs: 10 to 100 base pair long for each, forming up to 3000 repeats
  • Microsatellite DNAs:1 to 9 base pair long for each, forming 10 to 40 bplong cluster
19
Q

What are characteristics of Moderately Repeated DNA?

A

Accounts for about 20 to 80% of the genome depending on the organism

Two classifications:
- Repeated DNA Sequences with Coding Functions –include genes that code for ribosomal RNA and histones.
- Repeated DNA Sequences that Lack Coding Functions
o Scattered throughout the genome as individual elements
o Two classes
•SINEs: short interspersed elements
•LINEs: long interspersed elements

20
Q

What are characteristics of Non-repeated DNA?

A
  • Single-copy DNA sequence

- Code for the majority of proteins

21
Q

How can DNA sequence organization change?

A

Rapidly

22
Q

What happens in polyploidization, or whole-genome duplication?

A

Off-spring have four chromsome homologous rather than two

Two related species can mate to form a hybrid organism with the combined chromosomes from both parents, or a 1-cell embryo can undergo chromosome duplication and retain the DNA.

23
Q

What is genetic rearrangement called?

A

Transposition and the mobile genetic elements transposable elements

24
Q

What are transposons?

A

Transposable elements in the bacteria

Encodes a protein called transposase
o Catalyze excision of transposon from donor DNA and insertion of the transposon to the recipient DNA
o Cut-and paste pattern

25
Q

What do transposons and retrotransposons?

A

Transposons: cut and paste

Retrotransposons: copy and paste

BIO 221 01 (11 decks)

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