ch9- conceptual knowledge

Question 1

prototype approach to categorization

Answer 1

membership ina category is determined by comparing object to a prototype that represents that category

Question 2

what does it mean to have high typicality?

Answer 2

a category member closely resembles the category prototype

Question 3

typicality effect

Answer 3

ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly

Question 4

rosch’s priming experiment

Answer 4

primed w a verbal cue of a color and measured participants response times to which color pairs matches… priming of that color gave participants highly prototypical example and resulted in quicker response times

Question 5

exemplar approach

Answer 5

determining whether an object is similar to other objects, but involves many examples

Question 6

Which approach best explains the typicality effect?

Answer 6

exemplar approach

Question 7

which level of hierarchical organization is “special”?

Answer 7

the basic level because it results in the most useful knowledge/info

Question 8

semantic network approach

Answer 8

proposes that concepts are arranged in networks

Question 9

collins and quillians hierarchical model

Answer 9

a network of nodes that are connected by links by shared characteristics of categories

Question 10

cognitive economy

Answer 10

storing shared properties just once at higher level nodes rather than multiple times for lower level nodes

Question 11

spreading activation

Answer 11

activity spread out along any link that is connected to an activated node

Question 12

connectionist approach

Answer 12

McClellard & Rumelhart -proposes that concepts are represented by activity that is distributed across a network

Question 13

connection weight

Answer 13

determines how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit - corresponds to synaptic transmission
high connection weight = strong tendency to excite next unit

Question 14

how is a concept represented in a connectionist approach?

Answer 14

by the pattern of activity in all of the units in the network

Question 15

what needs to happen for a network to work properly?

Answer 15

connection weights need to be adjusted to only activate relevant unites (learning process)

Question 16

back propogation

Answer 16

when the learning process occurs and the erroneous responses in the property unit cause an error signal to be sent back thru the network

Question 17

connectionist networks

Answer 17

created by a learning process that shapes the networks so information about each concept is contained in the distributed pattern of activity across a number of units

Question 18

category specific memory impairment

Answer 18

lost ability to identify one type of object but retained ability

Question 19

multiple factor approach

Answer 19

idea of distributed representation that lead researchers to search for factors beyond sensory and functional

Question 20

semantic category approach

Answer 20

proposes that there are specific neural circuits in the brain for some specific categories

Question 21

category map

Answer 21

focused on brain areas that are specialized to response to specific types of stimuli and emphasize the brain response to items from a particular category distributed over a number of cortical areas

Question 22

embodied approach

Answer 22

states that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor responses that occur when we interact with the object