Ch9

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

All the mental associations with
thinking,
knowing
remembering
communicating

Question 2

Metacogntion

Answer 2

Cognition about our cognition; keeping our track of and evaluating our mental processes

Question 3

Concepts

Answer 3

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.

Question 4

Prototype

Answer 4

A mental image or best example of a category
Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for scoring items into categories
(As when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical rid, such as a crow)

Question 5

Algorithms

Answer 5

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics.

Question 6

insights

Answer 6

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

a simple thinking strategy - mental shortcut - that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithm

Question 6

confirmation bias

Answer 6

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 7

fixation

Answer 7

in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; on obstacle to problem solving.
In psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Question 8

Mental set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 9

intuition

Answer 9

an effortless, immediate, automatic, feeling or thoughts, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 10

representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 11

availability heuristic

Answer 11

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; in instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

Question 13

Belief perseverance

Answer 13

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Question 15

nudge

Answer 15

framing choices in a way that encourages people make beneficial decisions.

Question 16

creativity

Answer 16

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 17

convergent thinking

Answer 17

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 18

divergent thinking

Answer 18

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.

Question 19

language

Answer 19

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 20

phonemes

Answer 20

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 21

morphemes

Answer 21

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Question 22

grammar

Answer 22

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Semantic is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and
syntax is its set of rule for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Question 23

babbling stage

Answer 23

the stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language.

Question 24

one-word stage

Answer 24

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Question 25

two-word stage

Answer 25

the stage in speech development, beginning about age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

Question 26

telegraphic speech

Answer 26

the early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” - using mostly nouns and verbs.

Question 27

aphasia

Answer 27

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to
Broca’s area (impairing speaking or
Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

Question 28

Broca’s area

Answer 28

a frontal lobe brain area,
usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech.

Question 29

Wernicke’s area

Answer 29

a brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe.

Question 30

linguistic determinism

Answer 30

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 31

linguistic relativism

Answer 31

the idea that language influences the way we think